Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Original Articles

[English] Socio-Demographic and Psychological Factors Influencing the Happiness of Gyeongsangbuk-do Residents: Sung Jung Hong, See Jo Kim, Nam Hyun Cha; Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2025;36(4):435-446. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/rcphn.2025.01277

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study examined the effects of sociodemographic factors, health behavior, and psychological-emotional characteristics on stress, depression, and happiness among residents of Gyeongsangbuk-do and explored the relationships among these variables.
Methods
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2022 Korean Community Health Survey. The sample included 21,490 residents of Gyeongsangbuk-do. Multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation analyses were performed to identify predictors of psychological well-being.
Results
Participants showed high prevalence of health risk behaviors, including alcohol consumption (76.4%) and smoking (15.7%), while a majority engaged in regular physical exercise (79.3%). Despite this, the proportion reporting good or very good subjective health was lower than the national average (34.0% vs. 53.1%). Stress was positively correlated with depression (r=.24, p<.001) and negatively correlated with happiness (r=-.25, p<.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that happiness was significantly associated with subjective health status (β=.07 to .27), stress (β=-.19), depression (β=-.17), suicidal thoughts (β=-.11), educational attainment (β=.03 to .10), smoking (β=-.08), physical exercise (β=.04), and income level (β=-.03 to .04). The final model explained 25.6% of the variance in happiness (adjusted R²=.256, F=337.76, p<.001).
Conclusion
Happiness among Gyeongsangbuk-do residents was influenced by a combination of sociodemographic, health behavioral, and psychological-emotional factors. These findings provide foundational evidence for developing regionally tailred strategies to improve community mental well-being.

[English] Factors Affecting Suicidal Ideation in Multicultural Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Happiness: Kyung Ah Nam, Hun Ha Cho; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2022;33(2):228-236. Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2022.33.2.228

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Purpose
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the mediating effect of happiness in the relationship between internet addiction, depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents from multicultural families. Methods 1,065 adolescents from multicultural families who participated in the 16th (2020) Adolescent Health Behavior Survey were selected as the final subjects for the study, and were analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results There was a fully mediating effect of happiness in the relationship between internet addiction and suicidal ideation of the adolescents from multicultural families (F=6.65, p<.001). There was a partial mediating effect of happiness in the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation of the adolescents from multicultural families (F=10.01, p<.001). Conclusion To mitigate the suicidal ideation of adolescents from multicultural families, it is necessary to develop and apply a positive psychological treatment program that enhances happiness for adolescents from multicultural families who are experiencing internet addiction and depression.

Citations

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Factors influencing suicidal ideations among late adolescents in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study from the Korea community health survey
Jiyoung Song, Min Gi Kim
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

[English] A Structural Equation Model of General High School Students’ Happiness: Mediation Effect of Self-esteem and Resilience: Seon Hyang Park, Jeong Sook Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(3):395-404. Published online September 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.3.395

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2 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study was conducted to develop a predictive model for happiness of students in general high schools. The study was based on the theory of happiness integration and the literature review. Methods: Data were collected using a convenience sample of 231 first and second grade students in five general high schools in D city and K Province. The exogenous variables were optimism as personality factors, parenting attitude, academic stress and friend’s support as happiness. The endogenous variables were self-esteem and resilience as mediating variables, and happiness of students in general high schools. Data collection was done from March 14 to March 28, 2019. The AMOS 22.0 and SPSS programs were used to verify the validity of confirmatory factor analysis and hypothesis models.
Results
The factors that have the greatest influence on happiness of high school students are self-esteem and resilience. The explanatory power of happiness by these variables was 98.1%. The individual mediating effect and double mediation effect of these variables were found to be significant.
Conclusion
As student's optimistic personality, parent's positive parenting attitude, and friend’s support improve student's self-esteem and resilience, ultimately positively affecting high school students' happiness, so it is necessary to consider these factors and try to develop a happiness improvement program.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Structural Equation Model of Subjective Happiness in Menopausal Middle-aged Women
Soo Yeon Lee, Kuem Sun Han
Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2023; 32(3): 340. CrossRef
Adolescent Life Satisfaction Explained by Social Support, Emotion Regulation, and Resilience
Lorea Azpiazu Izaguirre, Arantzazu Rodríguez Fernández, Eider Goñi Palacios
Frontiers in Psychology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

[English] The Effect of Nordic Walking Exercise on Physical Indicators and Subjective Happiness of the Middle-aged in Rural Area: Chan Mi Lee, Young Suk Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(1):65-75. Published online March 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.1.65

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of regular Nordic walking exercise on the physical indicators and subjective happiness of middle-aged rural residents.
Methods
A pretest and posttest design with a nonequivalent control group was conducted. The participants of experimental and control group were each 21 subjects from 40 to 64 years old. The Nordic walking exercise program consisted of 24 sessions which were focused on group exercise, and was conducted three times a week for eight weeks.
Results
The experimental group showed significant decreases in body mass index (p=.042), body fat (p<.001), and abdominal fat (p=.026). The experimental group showed significant increases in muscle mass of right lower limb (p=.009) and left lower limb (p=.016) but was not statistically significant in right, left upper limbs and body. On the other hand, the control group showed significant decreases in muscle mass of right upper limb (p=.034), left upper limb p=.038), and body (p=.034). There were no significant differences in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and subjective happiness between the experimental and the control group.
Conclusion
The Nordic walking exercise should be actively encouraged to improve health of the middle-aged in rural area.

[English] Factors Influencing Happiness among Pregnant Women in the Ecological Systems Theory: Gyu Ree Lee, Hyun Kyung Choi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2019;30(1):11-24. Published online March 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2019.30.1.11

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3 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study tries to systematically understand factors that explain levels of happiness among pregnant women in the Ecological systems theory.
METHODS
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with 169 pregnant women in Korea. Collected data from self-report questionnaires were analyzed by hierarchical regression analysis using the SPSS statistics 23 program.
RESULTS
A total of 5 models were examined according to individual, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem in the Ecological systems theory. In the first model including individual factors, extraversion, neuroticism, and physical and psychological change constitute significant factors explaining happiness. In the second model with microsystem factors and in the third one with mesosystem factors, marital intimacy appears to be a significant factor. In the fourth model including exosystem factors, community service is a significant factor. In the final model with social atmosphere, personality (Î²=.15 for extraversion; Î²=âˆ’.30 for neuroticism), physical and psychological change (Î²=âˆ’.15), marital intimacy (Î²=.35), and community service (Î²= .18) turn out to be significant. These factors explain 59% of the variance of happiness in the pregnant women in Korea.
CONCLUSION
Considering the fact that pregnant women's happiness is explained by microsystem and exosystem factors as well as individual factors, developing intervention programs that can promote influencing factors such as marital intimacy and community service is necessary to improve levels of happiness among pregnant women in Korea.

Citations

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Trajectories of subjective health status among married postmenopausal women based on the ecological system theory: a longitudinal analysis using a latent growth model
Eun Jin Kim, Ju-Hee Nho
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2022; 28(2): 123. CrossRef
The Mediating Effect of Marital Intimacy on the Relationship between Spouse-Related Stress and Prenatal Depression in Pregnant Couples: An Actor–Partner Interdependent Model Test
Miyoung Lee, Yeon-Suk Kim, Mi-Kyoung Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(2): 487. CrossRef
Effects of Positive Psychology-Based Program for the Depressed Pregnant Women
Hyeon Hee Shin, Yeong Hee Shin
Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2021; 25(2): 109. CrossRef

[English] Influential Factors for Happiness of Adolescents Who Use Community Child Centers: Young Mi Park, Jung Yee Kim, En Joo Jo, Ji Hyun Lee, Kyung Mi Woo; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2017;28(1):34-43. Published online March 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.1.34

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to determine factors affecting happiness of adolescents who attended community child centers.
METHODS
We surveyed 154 adolescents attending a community child center in P City with a structured self-report questionnaire from October 3 to October 15, 2016. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18.0 descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, ScheffÃ© test, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
The mean scores of family strength, friend support, teacher support, and happiness were 3.8Â±0.84, 3.8Â±0.98, 3.7Â±0.84 and 3.7Â±0.63. There were significant differences in happiness according to the subjects' number of close friends and duration of their stay at the community child center. There were a significant positive correlations among family strength, friend support, teacher support, and happiness. The most significant factors affecting happiness included friend support (Î²=.40) and peaceable family strength (Î²=.35). These variables explained 44% of the total variance in happiness.
CONCLUSION
It is desirable to prepare and support measures to increase friends' support and family strength in order to improve happiness of adolescents attending community child centers. The findings suggest that it is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs to promote friend support and family strength.

[English] The Relationship between Internet Use for Non-academic Purposes and Happiness and Stress in Adolescents: Hyun Ju Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2015;26(2):169-177. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.2.169

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7 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
Previous studies focused on the negative effects of Internet use such as obesity, depression, and addiction. However, few studies investigated whether the Internet use for an appropriate time has positive effects on adolescents' health. Thus, the purpose of the study was to examine the dose-response relationship between Internet use for non-academic purposes (NAP) and happiness/stress in adolescents.
METHODS
This study used data from the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. A total of 72,435 adolescents were included. Rao-Scott chi2 and multiple logistic regression were conducted. To test the dose-response relationship, this study examined how happiness/stress changed with increase in the time of Internet use for NAP.
RESULTS
After controlling for general characteristics, the odds ratios for being unhappy and stressful were lowest in adolescents using the Internet for NAP for more than 0 hour and less than an hour a day. Interestingly, students who did not use the Internet for NAP had a significantly higher risk of being unhappy/stressful than those using for more than 0 hour and less than an hour a day.
CONCLUSION
Internet use for NAP for more than 0 hour and less than an hour a day has positive effects on happiness/stress in adolescents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Does the frequency of using Internet entertainment affect happiness? Evidence from China
Yunyuan Lin
Social Science Quarterly.2024; 105(4): 1336. CrossRef
Socioeconomic status influences Turkish digital natives’ internet use habitus
Mustafa Kerem Kobul
Behaviour & Information Technology.2023; 42(5): 624. CrossRef
Internet Usage and Adolescents' Happiness
Sandeep Kaur
Research in Social Change.2021; 13(1): 200. CrossRef
Relationship between Problematic Internet Use, Sleep Problems, and Oral Health in Korean Adolescents: A National Survey
Kyung-Yi Do, Kang-Sook Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(9): 1870. CrossRef
Internet Use and Psychological Well-Being at Advanced Age: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging
David Quintana, Alejandro Cervantes, Yago Sáez, Pedro Isasi
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(3): 480. CrossRef
An Integrative Review of Interventions for Internet/Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents
Kyungim Kang, Sujin Hur, Juhyun Jo
Perspectives in Nursing Science.2018; 15(2): 70. CrossRef
Influential Factors for Happiness of Adolescents Who Use Community Child Centers
Young Mi Park, Jung Yee Kim, En Joo Jo, Ji Hyun Lee, Kyung Mi Woo
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2017; 28(1): 34. CrossRef

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