Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Original Articles

Factors Related to Health-Related Quality of Life across the Life Cycle in One-Person Households among Korean Adults: Myung-Ock Chae; Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2024;35(2):125-139. Published online June 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/rcphn.2023.00304

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Purpose
This study is to identify factors related to health-related quality of life in one-person households across the life cycle by analyzing data from the 2021 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Methods
The subjects of one-person households were divided into 195 young adults, 273 middle-aged people, and 490 elderly people according to life cycle. Data were analyzed by complex sample cross tabulation, complex sample t-test, complex sample ANOVA, and complex sample multiple regression analysis using IBM SPSS 26.0.
Results
In young adults, subjective health status, daily activity limitation, and stress level explained 41% of health-related quality of life, and in middle age, income level, education level, occupation, marital status, subjective health status, stress level, and depression had a 60% explanatory power. In old age, education level, subjective health status, daily activity limitation, stress level, and depression explained 53% of health-related quality of life.
Conclusion
In order to effectively improve the health-related quality of life of one-person households, it is necessary to establish a customized program considering the influencing factors across the life cycle and systematically manage it according to the flow of the life cycle.

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Стресові стани українців, які проживають соло, під час війни
Дар’я Яшкіна
Sociological Studios.2024; (2(25)): 34. CrossRef

Factors affecting cultural adaptation stress by gender among multicultural adolescents in Korea: Seungwoo Han; Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2023;34(4):320-331. Published online December 29, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/rcphn.2023.00276

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This paper is a descriptive survey research to identify factors that affect acculturation stress in multicultural adolescents, and provide basic information that can be used to develop ways to improve their mental health.
Methods
This study used the data of the 2nd multicultural adolescents panel study provided on December 30, 2022 by the National Youth Policy Institute. The subjects of this study were 1,520 multicultural adolescents in the fourth grade of elementary school and the survey period was from July to November 2020. The dependent variable was acculturation stress, and the explanatory variables were as follows: mother’s and father’s country of origin, region size, home economic conditions, academic achievement, experience of discrimination, mother’s level of education, father’s level of education, and number of close friends. Data analysis involved calculation of descriptive statistics, analysis of differences in the level of acculturative stress and general characteristics between male and female adolescents, and multiple regression analysis.
Results
This study found that there are gender differences in significant influencing factors for acculturation stress among multicultural adolescents. For males, factors influencing acculturation stress were identified as regional size, mother's education level, parental support, and teacher support. For females, they were regional size, experience of discrimination, number of close friends, parental support, and self-esteem.
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that psychiatric nurses should provide psychiatric nursing and counseling to multicultural adolescents in addition to clinical psychiatric nursing. Various mental health programs should be developed for multicultural adolescents, with a focus on counseling, education, and family therapy.

A Study on the Gongjungwisaeng Kanhohak, the First Korean Textbook for Public Health Nursing: Kyung Ja June, Ggod Me Yi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2022;33(1):84-95. Published online March 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2022.33.1.84

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to extend the knowledge about the textbook, Public Health Nursing Textbook (in Korean, Gongjungwisaeng Kanhohak) which is published in 1933 by the Nurses' Association of Korea.
Methods
Public Health Nursing Textbook was investigated from the cover page to the last page and compared with two original books and other nursing books published in modern Korea.
Results
Public Health Nursing Textbook was the forth published Korean nursing textbook and the first published Korean public health nursing textbook. Rosenberger, a missionary nurse from USA, Lee Keumjeon, Korean public health nurse who studied in Canada, and other Koreans were in charge of translation, etc. It is a user‐friendly book written mainly in Korean (Hangul) with Chinese characters and included the English table of contents, preface and back cover. Most of its contents were extracted and translated from two original books, one is Public Health Nursing by Mary Gardner and the other is Personal Hygiene Applied by Jesse Williams. It is worth noting that the book not only introduced the public health nurses’s activities across the country, but also focused on the information necessary for common health problems at that time.
Conclusion
From the Public Hygiene and Nursing, it can be seen that public health nurses had been independently educated since Imperial Japan’s colonial period, and public health nursing was growing as a independent field in Korea.

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A study on the Textbook on Nursing published in Korea in 1918
Ggodme Yi, SuJeong Yu, Chan Sook Park
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2023; 29(4): 415. CrossRef

Is Nonstandard Employment Hazardous to Workers' Health Status? A Focus on Special Employment in South Korea: Bo Hyun Park, Tarlov Elizabeth, Chang Gi Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(Suppl):525-533. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.S.525

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Purpose
Workers in special employment relationship (WSERs) are workers in nonstandard employment arrangements who lack worker protection accorded in standard employment arrangements. This study aimed to describe self-rated health (SRH) and depressive symptoms (DS) among Korean WSERs in comparison to regular wage workers (RWW) and identify associations between working conditions and those outcomes.
Methods
In this study, secondary data analysis using the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey was used. The sample totaled 29,120, including 1,538 WSERs and 27,564 RWWs. Sociodemographic and work-related characteristics were employed as explanatory variables and SRH and DS as dependent variables. Using multiple logistic regression, the determinants of fair/poor SRH and DS were identified.
Results
The prevalence rates for fair/poor SRH and DS in WSERs were 25.2% and 28.3%, respectively, and 20.7% and 25.0% in RWWs, respectively. Compared to RWWs, WSERs had 31% (aOR=1.31, 95% CI=1.14~1.49) and 20% (aOR=1.20, 95% CI=1.06~1.36) higher odds of SRH and DS, respectively. Some factors, such as a lack of rest guarantee and sickness presenteeism, had a larger influence in the WSER than in the RWW group.
Conclusion
Compared to RWWs, WSERs reported having poorer working conditions and were more likely to report poor general and mental health. Therefore, in Korea, public health policymakers should consider measures to protect the working conditions and health of WSERs, a growing segment of the working population. The study produced new epidemiological evidence regarding the relationships between employment arrangements and health.

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The Effect of Job Demands, Job Resources, and Musculoskeletal Complaints on Presenteeism Among the Dependent Self-employment Workers in Korea
Jiyun Kim, Sookja Choi
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2022; 64(9): 719. CrossRef

Development and Effectiveness of the Interpersonal Caring Program for Young North Korean Defectors: Jeong Im Choi, Eun Joung Choi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(3):310-321. Published online September 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.3.310

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the interpersonal caring program for young North Korean defectors which we developed based on Kim's interpersonal caring technique.
Methods
This study employs a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study are 36 young North Korean defectors living in three areas. The participants are recruited through alternative schools, churches, and acquaintances. The experimental group consists of 20 participants and the control group consists of 16 participants. Experiments are conducted by four days. Specifically, the experiments are conducted eight times and each takes about 120 minutes. Furthermore, we run the camp for two nights and three days. We test our hypothesis by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Independent t-test, Paired t-test, and Independent t-test.
Results
All the test statistics support our hypotheses such as self-esteem (t=1.87, p=.035), mental health (t=-1.69, p=.049), interpersonal relationships (t=1.93, p=.031), and quality of life (t=1.88, p=.034).
Conclusion
We found that the interpersonal caring program developed in this study is effective in improving North Korean defectors’ self-esteem, mental health, interpersonal relationships, and quality of life.

Nursing College Life Experiences of North Korean Defectors: Jung Suk Park, Eun Joo Jo, Eun Joung Choi, Hyun Mee Cho, Ji Hyun Bae; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2019;30(3):324-335. Published online September 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2019.30.3.324

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to understand nursing college life experiences of North Korean Defectors and identify their meanings.
METHODS
The study collected data through individual in-depth interviews among six undergraduates or graduates from nursing colleges, using phenomenological research methodology of Colaizzi-one of qualitative research approaches.
RESULTS
Six categories drawn as a result of research include â€˜Be bumped against hard reality wallâ€™, â€˜Bondage of discrimination and prejudiceâ€™, â€˜Endure and stand with strength of faithâ€™, â€˜Myself grown up along with workâ€™, â€˜Becoming one amid differencesâ€™, and â€˜Stepping towards unificationâ€™.
CONCLUSION
The result of this study would contribute to understanding academic and interpersonal difficulties North Korean defectors might experience at nursing colleges. And it may also help people to learn that they would play an important role in integration of the nursing fields of South and North Korea as well as the nation's unification. Along the way, the results of the study could be basic data to establish national policy helping North Korean defectors adapt to nursing college life, and develop the supporting system of colleges as well as setting up appropriate supports and measures from the perspective of the nursing field.

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A North Korean Defector’s Experience With Becoming A Nurse in South Korea
Sang Hui Chu, Jinsook Kim
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2024; 38(2): 220. CrossRef

Older Adults' Perceptions of Age-friendliness with an Emphasis on Community Supports and Health Services in a City in South Korea: Chi Young Lee, Belong Cho, Young Tae Cho, Yeon Hwan Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2019;30(2):234-242. Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2019.30.2.234

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PURPOSE
This study tries to comprehend older adults' perspectives of community supports and health services in a South Korean city and identify important sociodemographic and health characteristics that affect their perspectives.
METHODS
166 older adults were involved in this cross-sectional study. Questions on background characteristics and community supports and health services criteria (categorized as service accessibility, offer of services, voluntary support, or emergency care planning) based upon the WHO's Age-Friendly Cities Guide were used. The data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses.
RESULTS
Emergency care planning was rated as the most important by the participants (mean age=76.24 years, 22.9% male), while its current level of performance was lowly appraised (p<.001). The rated importance for each category differed based on individual characteristics. Depression (p=.016), older age (p=.012), and restricted network type (p=.039) were significantly related to ascribing a higher degree of importance to community services.
CONCLUSION
Community initiatives are warranted to optimize emergency care for older adults. This planning must be based on the unique characteristics of older adults in coordination with supportive resources. In addition, comprehensive assessments are warranted before implementing action plans to ensure that the multi-dimensional problems of older adults are incorporated.

Citations

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Research on the Evaluation of an Age-Friendly Layout of Medical Service Facilities in Wuhan City Based on Accessibility
Fan Li, Jie Zhou, Wei Wei, Dongming Zhou
Buildings.2024; 14(9): 2970. CrossRef
Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on Community Support Among the Older Adults
Abdul Aziz Marzuki, Nik Norliati Fitri Md Nor, Siti Masayu Rosliah Abdul Rashid
Ageing International.2023; 48(4): 1086. CrossRef
Assessing Age-Friendliness: Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Cultures
Nancy Brossoie, Eunju Hwang, Kimin Song, Jin Wook Jeong, Kim Young-Woo
Journal of Aging & Social Policy.2022; 34(2): 311. CrossRef

Influence of Trauma Experiences and Social Adjustment on Health-related Quality of Life in North Korean Defectors: Eun Joo Jo, Hyun Mee Cho, Eun Joung Choi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(4):488-498. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.4.488

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify the influence of trauma experiences and social adjustment on health-related quality of life in North Korean defectors.
METHODS
The subjects were 117 North Korean defectors living in B and Y city. The data were collected from September 1 to September 20, 2014, and analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program.
RESULTS
Significant differences were found in the health-related quality of life with respect to the subjects' education, marriage status, types of dwelling, family types, duration of residence in South Korea, jobs in South Korea and in North Korea, families left in North Korea or other surrounding countries, and subjective health status. Health-related quality of life is negatively related to trauma experiences during escape from North Korea and during their life in South Korea. Health-related quality of life positively is related to social adjustment. The meaningful variables which influenced the subjects'health-related quality include social adjustment, job in South Korea, job in North Korea, current family structure, and trauma experiences in South Korea. Total explanatory power of these factors for health-related quality in North Korean Defectors is 43.0% and social adjustment is the most influential factor.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, in order to enhance health-related quality of life in North Korean defectors, it is necessary for them to increase social adjustment and decrease trauma experiences. In addition, methods are needed to provide job opportunities, better education and family services for North Korean defectors.

Citations

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The rocky road to freedom: number of countries transited during defection and risk of metabolic syndrome among North Korean Refugees in South Korea
D.W. Lee, H.S. Lee, S.G. Kim, K.J. Kim, S.J. Jung
Public Health.2023; 221: 208. CrossRef
Factors associated with posttraumatic growth among North Korean defectors in South Korea
Mi Kyung Lee, Ocksim Kim, Kyoung-A. Kim, Sang Hui Chu
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Nursing College Life Experiences of North Korean Defectors
Jung Suk Park, Eun Joo Jo, Eun Joung Choi, Hyun Mee Cho, Ji Hyun Bae
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2019; 30(3): 324. CrossRef

The Relationships between Sexual Intercourse and Health Risk Behaviors in Korean and US Adolescents: Yeong Mi Ha, Seung Jin Lee, Hyun Kyung Choi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2017;28(2):173-181. Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.2.173

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
Early sexual intercourse is associated with poor health outcomes in adolescents. It is known that sexual intercourse coincides with other health risk behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and using drugs. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships between sexual intercourse and health risk behaviors among Korean and US adolescents using nationally representative data.
METHODS
Data were collected from the 2011 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (29,676 students) and 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (10,135 high school students). Logistic regression analysis was performed.
RESULTS
In Korea, students who had sexual intercourse accounted for 7.0% in total. Among these, 9.7% were male and 4.2% were female students. In the US, a total of 51.3% students had sexual intercourse, and the proportion of the US male (49.3%) and female (53.4%) students who had sexual intercourse was similar. Korean and US students who experienced sexual intercourse were more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs.
CONCLUSION
Since the results of this study show the relationships between sexual intercourse and health risk behaviors, it is necessary to develop comprehensive sex education programs with effective strategies to reduce health risk behaviors in adolescents.

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The Relationship Between Sexual Intercourse Before the age of 13 and Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug use among High School Students
Michael Dunn, John Yannessa
Journal of Drug Education.2022; 51(1-2): 3. CrossRef
Factors Related to Sexual Intercourse Among Korean Middle and High School Students
Joohee Shim, Jihyun Baek, Seungwoo Han
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Gender Differences and Relationships among Lifestyle and Reproductive Health in University Students
Ju-Hee Nho, Hee Sun Kim
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2019; 25(4): 446. CrossRef

The Trends in Research on the Health of North Korean Refugees: Hyun Ju Lim, Gun A Lee, Sook Ja Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2017;28(2):144-155. Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.2.144

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study aims to identify the general characteristics, subjects, and methods of research on the health of North Korean refugees through a systematic literature review.
METHODS
A total of 140 studies on health were reviewed using the analytical framework developed by the researchers.
RESULTS
The quantitative research comprised 90.7% of the studies, whereas the qualitative research were 7.9% of them. Approximately 81.4% of those reviewed have publication dates spanning 2006 to 2015. Only 13.6% of the studies were conducted with the approval of an institutional review board. The subjects of studies were psycho-social health (151.8%), behavioral health (28.5%), cognitive health (15.0%), physical health (12.2%), integrated health (7.8%), and spiritual health (2.8%). Within the quantitative studies reviewed, the most commonly used study design was survey research (86.0%). The two sampling methods used most often were convenience sampling (53.5%) and snowball sampling (19.4%), and the most commonly used data-collection method were questionnaires (94.6%). As for the qualitative studies, the most commonly used study design was phenomenology.
CONCLUSION
The results suggested that the reviewed studies focused on physical health more than psycho-social health, and physiological measurement more than questionnaires. Ethical considerations need to be expanded.

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Assessment of diet quality of adults from North Korea: using nutrition quotient (NQ) for Korean adults
SaeByeol Kwon, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Moon-Kyung Shin
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(2): 217. CrossRef
Health and Integration of North Korean Refugees in South Korea
Hye-Seung Wee, Daehwan Kim
SSRN Electronic Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
How do North Korean refugees in South Korea utilize social support to cope with acculturative stress?
Soim Park, Jennifer A. Wenzel, Pamela J. Surkan
SSM - Mental Health.2023; 4: 100272. CrossRef
Health and Labour Market Outcomes of North Korean Refugees in South Korea
Hyeseung Wee, Daehwan Kim
Global Economic Review.2023; 52(4): 251. CrossRef
North Korean arrivals’ medical service usage in South Korea, 2015–2019
Hee Jung Lee, Chunhoo Cheon, Jinwon Kim, Kyung Won Kwon, Bo-Hyoung Jang
Journal of Public Health Policy.2022; 43(4): 560. CrossRef
Comparison of Growth and Nutritional Status between Children in North Korean Refugee Families and South Korean Children
Kyung-Ae Park, Seong-Woo Choi
Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2022; 26(1): 20. CrossRef
Trend of Disease Burden of North Korean Defectors in South Korea Using Disability-adjusted Life Years from 2010 to 2018
Keun A Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Chae-Bong Kim, Ki-Beom Kim, Seok-Jun Yoon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence of scrub typhus, murine typhus and spotted fever groups in North Korean refugees
Jihye Um, Yeonghwa Nam, Ji Na Lim, Misuk Kim, Yeonsu An, Se Hee Hwang, Jun-Sun Park
International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2021; 106: 23. CrossRef
Social networks and health-promoting behaviors among North Korean refugees in South Korea
Chung Hyeon Jeong, Mee Young Um, Joan P. Yoo, Lawrence A. Palinkas
Social Work in Health Care.2020; 59(9-10): 738. CrossRef
Systematic review of evidence on public health in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
John J Park, Ah-Young Lim, Hyung-Soon Ahn, Andrew I Kim, Soyoung Choi, David HW Oh, Owen Lee-Park, Sharon Y Kim, Sun Jae Jung, Jesse B Bump, Rifat Atun, Hee Young Shin, Kee B Park
BMJ Global Health.2019; 4(2): e001133. CrossRef
An Analysis of Infectious Disease Research Trends in Medical Journals From North Korea
Do-Hyeon Park, Min-Ho Choi, Ah-Young Lim, Hee Young Shin
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2018; 51(2): 109. CrossRef

Health Habit, Perceived Health Status and Physical Health Status of Young Korean and Korean-Chinese Women: A Comparative Study: Young Ran Lee, Eun Ok Im, Sook Ja Yu; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2015;26(3):312-320. Published online September 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.3.312

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare health habit, physical health status, and perceived health status between young Korean and Korean-Chinese women.
METHODS
This study was conducted as a cross-sectional comparative survey. For this study, 114 Korean women were recruited in Seoul, South Korea and 64 Korean-Chinese women in Jilin Province, China through convenience sampling.
RESULTS
A positive correlation was found between health habit and perceived health status. Perceived health status, WHR, body density, flexibility, and muscle endurance were significantly lower in Korean women than in Korean-Chinese ones. Knee flexion and ankle dorsal flexion was significantly higher in Korean women than in Korean-Chinese ones.
CONCLUSION
Further investigation is required to compare the two different groups that share the same ethnicity and similar culture but were born into different countries. A study such as this may provide answers regarding the influence of migrated transition on health.

Historical Review of Lee Keumjeon, a Pioneer in Community Health Nursing in Korea: Ggod Me Yi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2013;24(1):74-86. Published online March 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2013.24.1.74

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to show the development of community health nursing in Korea in light of the life of Lee Keumjeon (1900~1990), who devoted her life to community health nursing.
METHODS
Primary and secondary sources were collected and analyzed.
RESULTS
Lee could get high level education up to college courses, which was very exceptional at that time in Korea. She got nursing and midwifery education in Severance Hospital (1929) and majored in public health nursing at Toronto University (1930). Then, she worked in mother-and-child health practice for more than 10 years. She helped the Korean Nurses' Association to publish Public Health Nursing (1933) and other nursing books. After the liberation of Korea, she became a governmental official in the public health nursing field and tried to establish the national public health nursing system. During the Korean War, she devoted herself to nursing education and practice at nursing schools and hospitals. After the war, she worked as president of the Korean Nurses' Association. In 1959, Lee was given the Nightingale award. Although she retired in 1960, she continued to devote herself to the development of nursing, and published her book Public Health Nursing (1967).
CONCLUSION
Lee worked from 1920s to 1960s for the development of nursing in Korea and during the period Korean nursing showed great development to national system and professional status.

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The Impact of U.S. Army Nurses on the Development of the Nursing Profession in South Korea
Myunghee Jun, Hyekyung Kim, Anne Dressel, Hearyun Cho, HackSun Kim, Christine Vandenhouten
Journal of Humanistic Psychology.2023; 63(6): 764. CrossRef
A Study on the Gongjungwisaeng Kanhohak, the First Korean Textbook for Public Health Nursing
Kyung Ja June, Ggodme Yi
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2022; 33(1): 84. CrossRef
Nursing Missionary Elizabeth J. Shepping's Education and Holistic Care for Koreans
Me Ok Yoon
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(1): 60. CrossRef
Historical Review of Park Myungja, very Pioneering and Creative Registered Nurse who winned the Florence Nightingale Medal
Ggodme YI
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(3): 361. CrossRef
May 18 Democratic Uprising and Experiences of Nursing Activities in the Gwangju Area
Ya Ki Yang
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2014; 20(1): 82. CrossRef

Problem behaviors, Cultural Identity and Acculturation of North Korean Refugee Youth: Young Suk Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012;23(2):144-154. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2012.23.2.144

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of problem behaviors, cultural identity and acculturation of North Korean (NK) refugee youth and to suggest an appropriate approach for helping them to adjust to our society based on these findings.
METHODS
The subjects were 117 NK adolescent refugees in Hanawon. Data were collected by a demographic questionnaire, Youth Self Report (YSR), the South-North Korean cultural identity.
RESULTS
Problem behaviors of NK refugee youth were the highest in anxiety/depression and withdrawal behavior and were followed by internalized behavior, aggressiveness, overall problem behavior, externalized behavior, delinquency and positive behavior in that order. Acculturation was the highest in 'separation' followed by 'integration', 'assimilation' and 'marginalization' in that order. No significant relationship was found between acculturation types and problem behaviors except positive behavior.
CONCLUSION
This study provides some important information that we have to develop specific strategies and interventions primarily focused on withdrawal, anxiety/depression, and internalization for the adjustment and mental health of NK refugee youth. It is necessary to explore further research related to cultural identity, acculturation processes, and the correlation between acculturation types and problem behaviors.

Forty Years' Development of the Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing: Ggod Me Yi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012;23(1):102-115. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2012.23.1.102

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PURPOSE
This study was conducted in commemoration of the 40th Anniversary of the Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing [KACHN].
METHODS
Primary and secondary sources were collected and analyzed to show changes that KACHN has experienced.
RESULTS
In the 1970s it made the annual meeting regular and began research presentation. In the1980s regular symposiums were activated and as a result the academy could publish its own journal from 1989. In the 1990s the boards were selected from locals by turns and lots of papers and teaching materials were produced from collaborate researches of the members. In the 2000s, the journal was selected by the National Research Foundation in Korea and the academy began regular Korea-Japan Community Health Nursing Conference and hosted the 5th ICCHNR.
CONCLUSION
In spite of great development, KACHN has new challenges. The number of members has increased so much that there are a few academies specialized in some fields of community health nursing. They have made the members' interest and loyalty weaker than during the pioneer days. KACHN should take the new role as a leader of international community health nursing research as well as the old role as a leader of Korean community health nursing research.

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Historical Review of Lee Keumjeon, a Pioneer in Community Health Nursing in Korea
Ggodme YI
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(1): 74. CrossRef

The Effects of individual Characteristics and Health Beliefs on North Korean Refugees' Health Behavior: Jeung Hee Jeon, Young Suk Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012;23(1):82-90. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.0000/jkachn.2012.23.1.82

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to provide base data for preparing plans that North Korean (NK) Refugees can adjust themselves to our society with a healthy mind after they get over their health problems using the Health Belief Model, knowing the relationship between individual characteristics and health beliefs, and health behavior.
METHODS
The subjects were 304 NK adult refugees in Hanawon. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire, health behavior scale, self-efficacy scale, perceived benefit scale, perceived barrier scale, perceived seriousness, perceived sensibility, and individual characteristics.
RESULTS
The factors influencing the health behavior of NK refugees were perceived benefits, self-efficacy, the period in the third country and experience in being expelled to NK, and these variables were describing 31.4% of the health behaviors of refugees.
CONCLUSION
The perceived benefits and self-efficacy of health belief and specific experiences related to refugee affected NK refugees' health behavior.

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