Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Original Articles

[Korean] Assessment of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Based on Body Size Phenotype in Korean Adults: Analysis of Community-based Cohort Data: Ji Young Kim, Youngran Yang; Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2023;34(2):158-170. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/rcphn.2023.00101

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
Body size phenotypes can be regarded as an indicator of cardiovascular incidence risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of metabolic syndrome among metabolically healthy adults according to body size phenotype using Korean Genome & Epidemiology Study [KoGES]-community based cohort from 2001-2002 to 2014.
Methods
A prospective population-based cohort including 5,068 adults aged 40-69 years free from metabolic syndrome was included and divided into three phenotypes: metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW), and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). The time dependent Cox’s proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the incidence of the metabolic syndrome after a follow-up 14 years.
Results
In the demographic, health related variables-adjusted model (Model 3), the hazard ratio of the metabolic syndrome was 1.92 (CI 1.54-2.40) for MHOW, 2.88 (CI 2.32-3.58) for MHO among males, 1.89 (CI 1.51-2.37) for MHOW, 2.34 (CI 1.88-2.90) for MHO for females compared to MHNW, respectively.
Conclusion
In conclusion, MHOW and MHO in both males and females increased the risk of metabolic syndrome compared to MHNW. Obesity management should be considered even in the absence of metabolic syndrome. Programs and resources should be provided for prevention of cardiovascular diseases and better quality of life.

[English] The Association between Social Support and Health Behaviors for Metabolic Syndrome Prevention among University Students: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Stress: Soo Yeon Park, Su Ah Cho, Eugene Lee, Sung Chul Choi, Jin A Choo; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2021;32(3):404-414. Published online September 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2021.32.3.404

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Purpose
Health behaviors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevention should be emphasized from early adulthood. There is little information on psychosocial factors associated with health behaviors for MetS prevention. The aim of this study was to determine whether there would be a mediating effect of perceived stress on the association between social support and health behaviors for MetS prevention among university students.
Methods
This cross-sectional and correlation study was conducted with 502 university students in South Korea. Social support, perceived stress, and lifestyle evaluation for metabolic syndrome scales were used. Online questionnaire survey was conducted between November and December 2019. The mediating effect of social support on health behaviors for MetS prevention was analyzed using PROCESS macro program with bootstrapping method to test our hypotheses.
Results
Social support directly influenced perceived stress (β=-.35, p<.001) and health behaviors for MetS prevention (β=.14, p=.002). Health behaviors for MetS prevention was indirectly influenced by perceived stress (β=-.25, p<.001). The size of indirect effect of social support on health behaviors for MetS prevention was 0.06.
Conclusions
The association of social support and health behaviors for MetS prevention was partially mediated by perceived stress among university students. Therefore, a university-based nursing intervention should comprise social support strategies with stress management to promote health behaviors for MetS prevention.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Illness attitudes and the flourishing of university students of South Korea in a pandemic: a cross-sectional descriptive study
Insil Jang, Yoonjung Kim, Hyeji Shin
Psychology, Health & Medicine.2025; 30(8): 1607. CrossRef
Factors affecting emerging infectious disease prevention behaviors among young workers based on ecological modeling
Hyo Eun Park, Hye Young Song
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Revised Lifestyle Evaluation Scale for Metabolic Syndrome–Korean
Shinae Seo, Chun-Ja Kim, Se-Won Kang, Dae Jung Kim, Elizabeth A. Schlenk
The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care.2025; 51(6): 578. CrossRef
Factors Associated with Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged Postmenopausal Korean Women: A Study Based on the Information, Motivation, Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model
Yoonjung Kim, Sooyeon Park
Patient Preference and Adherence.2023; Volume 17: 2279. CrossRef
Causal model of health literacy in dietary supplement use and sufficient health behavior among working-age adults
Ungsinun Intarakamhang, Pitchada Prasittichok
Heliyon.2022; 8(11): e11535. CrossRef

[English] Effects of a Self-Care Reinforcement Program for Socially Vulnerable Elderly Women with Metabolic Syndrome in Korea: Mi Kyung Park, Ki Wol Sung; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2019;30(3):271-280. Published online September 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2019.30.3.271

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5 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study evaluates the efficacy of a Self-Care Reinforcement Program (SCRP) based on the Selection Optimization Compensation (SOC) model, in socially vulnerable elderly women with metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
This study adopts a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design. The participants were 64 socially vulnerable elderly Korean women with metabolic syndrome (experimental group: 31, control group: 33). Participants' body composition analysis, nutrient intake, risk factors of metabolic syndrome, depressive symptoms, and social network were measured. Data were analyzed with an independent t-test; statistical significance levels were set at p<.05. The SCRP, including metabolic syndrome education, nutritional education, exercise, and social network, was performed three times a week for 8 weeks.
RESULTS
There were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of systolic blood pressure, diastolic pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, sodium intake, depressive symptoms, and social networks.
CONCLUSION
The SCRP is effective and can be recommended as a community health nursing intervention for socially vulnerable elderly women with metabolic syndrome.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Evaluation of a health promotion program based on Community-based Participatory Research for older adults at risk for metabolic syndrome: a mixed methods study
Juhyeon Yang, Bohyun Park
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effects of Health Literacy, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behaviors on Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged and Older Women Living in Rural Areas of Republic of Korea
Eun-Kyung Lee, Yong-Sook Eo
Healthcare.2025; 13(24): 3279. CrossRef
Analysis of energy intakes, physical activities and metabolic syndrome according to the income level in Korean elderly people: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016‒2018
Eun-Sook Sung, Sijin Lee, Youngjun Lee, Seunghee Lee, Jonghoon Park
Physical Activity and Nutrition.2022; 26(2): 028. CrossRef
Phytochemical Investigation of Marker Compounds from Indigenous Korean Salix Species and Their Antimicrobial Effects
Yoon Seo Jang, Da Eun Lee, Joo-Hyun Hong, Kyung Ah Kim, Bora Kim, Yeo Rang Cho, Moon-Jin Ra, Sang-Mi Jung, Jeong-Nam Yu, Seongpil An, Ki Hyun Kim
Plants.2022; 12(1): 104. CrossRef
Effects of the Participatory Action Research on Reducing the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Women
Yong-Sook Eo
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11103. CrossRef

[English] The Prevalence and Associated Factors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Pre-menopausal Housewives: An Analysis of the 2010~2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Chul Gyu Kim, Young Ji Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(1):108-119. Published online March 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.1.108

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives and to explore controllable and uncontrollable factors regarding metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
The study population of this cross-sectional survey was from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2010 through 2015, including the fifth and sixth population-based studies. The criteria for metabolic syndrome include waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) based on Korean Clinical Practice Guideline for Metabolic Syndrome by the Korean Academy of Family Medicine 2015.
RESULTS
Among the 2,498 subjects, 247 subjects had metabolic syndrome and the prevalence was estimated to be 9.9%. The number of subjects who met the criterion of HDL was 936 (36.2%), which was the most prevalent among the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Statistically significant (p < .05) factors include age, livinghood benefit group, perceived health status, obesity, family history of DM, sleeping time, awareness of stress,leukocyte, and erythrocyte count. The odds ratio of obesity in the BMI â‰¥25 group was 12.59 times as high as that of the BMI < 25 group (p < .001) for metabolic syndrome.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives in the survey was not low, and it is necessary to develop and apply comprehensive health habit management programs to improve controllable factors including exercise and food intake.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of Household Type on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korea: Using Propensity Score Matching
Jisu Park, Ilsu Park
Healthcare.2022; 10(10): 1894. CrossRef
Comparison of metabolic syndrome and related factors in married pre-menopausal white- and blue-collar woman
Seungmi Park, Chul-Gyu Kim, Youngji Kim
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health.2022; 77(9): 744. CrossRef
Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women Aged ≥50 Years
Goeun Chung, Hye-Sun Jung, Hye-Jin Kim
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2021; 19(3): 159. CrossRef
Mental Health Status of Adults with Cardiovascular or Metabolic Diseases by Gender
Yeunhee Kwak, Yoonjung Kim, Soo Jin Kwon, Haekyung Chung
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(2): 514. CrossRef

[English] Factors Affecting Health Promotion Behavior among Workers with High Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Based on Theory of Planned Behavior: Sung Won Park, Sook Ja Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2015;26(2):128-139. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.2.128

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6 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting health promotion behavior among workers with high risk of metabolic syndrome. This study was based on the planned behavior theory.
METHODS
The participants were 167 workers at high risk of metabolic syndrome. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Surveyed variables were attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and health promotion behavior. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 22.0.
RESULTS
Perceived behavioral control affected the intention of health promotion behavior among the workers with high risk of metabolic syndrome. It explained 62% of variance in the intention of health promotion behavior (F=40.09, p<.001). Perceived behavioral control and occupation affected health promotion behavior among the risk workers with high risk of metabolic syndrome. The two factors explained 16% of variance in health promotion behavior (F=4.95, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study suggest that perceived behavioral control is the only factor affecting health promotion behavior when the theory of planned behavior was applied. Therefore, intervention programs for improving health promotion behavior should be focused on strengthening perceived behavioral control.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Lifestyle and Health Behaviors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease
Goeun Chung, Hye-Jin Kim
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2024; 22(2): 105. CrossRef
Effects of Interaction between SLC35F3 and Carbohydrate Intake on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Middle-Aged Adults
Haeun Park, Dayeon Shin
Nutrients.2023; 15(2): 469. CrossRef
Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women Aged ≥50 Years
Goeun Chung, Hye-Sun Jung, Hye-Jin Kim
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2021; 19(3): 159. CrossRef
A Structural Model Explaining the Health Behaviors among Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: Theory of Planned Behavior Approach
Taejeong Jang, Rhayun Song
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2020; 32(1): 98. CrossRef
Association of Job Stress with Health-promoting Behaviors and Health Status in Clinical Nurses
Jung-Suk Kim, Chun-Ja Kim
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2016; 25(4): 311. CrossRef
The Effect of Physical and Psychological, and Social factors on Health Promotion Behavior among the stroke patients
Eun-Ju Kim
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(12): 8525. CrossRef

[English] Effects of a Health Education Program based on Social Cognitive Theory on the Health Promotion of University Students with Metabolic Syndrome: Hee Gerl Kim, Jin Hwa Lee, Ji Yun Kim, Hyun Ju Park, Hyun Sook Oh, Won Jae Lee, Eun Aae Kim, Hye Kyung Jung; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2013;24(4):451-460. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2013.24.4.451

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of a health education program based on social cognitive theory on university students with risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 88 students who had at least 2 risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome (47 students for the experimental and 41 for the control group). The health education program consisted of thirteen sessions. Knowledge regarding smoking and alcohol drinking, self-efficacy and self-esteem were evaluated. t-test, chi2-test, Fisher's exact test, and paired t-test were conducted to analyze the data. SPSS/WIN 19.0 Statistics program was used.
RESULTS
There was a statistically significant increase in self-efficacy in the experimental group compared to the control group. No significant changes in knowledge and self-esteem were found.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that the health education program for university students was partially effective. Further work is required to develop more effective health education programs.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Levels of Health and Subjective Life Expectancy among Community-dwelling Elders in Korea
Ji Yeon An
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2018; 20(1): 22. CrossRef

[English] Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its associated Factors among Elders in a Rural Community: Bong Jeong Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2013;24(2):225-235. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2013.24.2.225

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2 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and factors associated with it among elders in a rural community.
METHODS
Data were collected from 683 subjects with a questionnaire, physical measurement, and blood test. The prevalence of the MS was determined by AHA/NHLBI and waist circumference cutoff points for Koreans.
RESULTS
The prevalence of the MS was 50.5% in total (41.6% in men, 56.3% in women) while the prevalence of 5 metabolic risk factors was 67.7% for elevated blood pressure, 51.0% for low HDL-cholesterol, and 50.2% for abdominal obesity. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of the MS included family history, BMI, and physical activity; significant factors associated with that of metabolic components included family history, BMI, smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Especially, a higher BMI was a strong risk factor of the prevalence of abdominal obesity as well as the MS and its components.
CONCLUSION
The findings indicate that nurses should care for elders based on each metabolic component regarding its prevalence level and concentrate primarily on reducing elevated blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol by controlling the main risk factor, abdominal obesity through lifestyle modification.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women Aged ≥50 Years
Goeun Chung, Hye-Sun Jung, Hye-Jin Kim
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2021; 19(3): 159. CrossRef
Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome and its components in elderly Korean adults
Seonho Kim, Wi-Young So
Experimental Gerontology.2016; 84: 107. CrossRef

[English] The Effects of Lifestyle Factors on Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults: Mee Young Im, Young Ran Lee, Suk Jung Han, Chung Min Cho; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012;23(1):13-21. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2012.23.1.13

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23 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of lifestyle factors on metabolic syndrome (MS) among Korean adults (age> or =20).
METHODS
A total of 7,798 subjects (weighted subjects=37,215,961) were recruited from the 2009 Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-3). Data were analyzed by t-test, chi2-test, and logistic regression in consideration of strata, cluster and weight as national data using the SAS 9.1 program.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MS by definition of AHA/NHLBI and waist circumference cutoff points for Koreans was 22.4%. The mean clinical MS score for MS patients was 3.4, but the mean score for the non-MS group was 1.2 out of 5.0. Among the lifestyle factors, smoking (OR=1.024), stress (0.546< or =OR< or =0.587) and drinking (OR=1.005) had significant influence on the MS risk and MS scores, but exercise did not.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that further research is necessary on the effect of lifestyle factors on MS risk and nurses should focus on effective programs about smoking, stress and drinking for the prevention and reduction of MS risk.

Citations

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The mediating effect of the Korean Healthy Eating Index on the relationship between lifestyle patterns and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Koreans: data from the 2019–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sori On, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn
Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(1): 96. CrossRef
The Effects of Health Literacy, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behaviors on Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged and Older Women Living in Rural Areas of Republic of Korea
Eun-Kyung Lee, Yong-Sook Eo
Healthcare.2025; 13(24): 3279. CrossRef
Lifestyle and Health Behaviors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease
Goeun Chung, Hye-Jin Kim
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2024; 22(2): 105. CrossRef
Effects of Oral Health Behavior and Mental Health on Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults
Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, Sang-Eun Moon, Sun-Hwa Hong
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2022; 22(2): 90. CrossRef
Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women Aged ≥50 Years
Goeun Chung, Hye-Sun Jung, Hye-Jin Kim
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2021; 19(3): 159. CrossRef
Factors Affecting the Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Single-Person Households: A Sex-Stratified Analysis
Jui Kim, Hyoungshim Choi
Sustainability.2021; 13(16): 9032. CrossRef
The Effect of Depression on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among Korean Adults
Mee Young Im
Korean Journal of Stress Research.2021; 29(4): 235. CrossRef
Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged Women in Their 50s: Based on National Health Screening Data
HyungSeon Kim, YeonHee Cho
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(9): 3008. CrossRef
The Effect of Stress on Prevalence Risk of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults
Mee Young Im
STRESS.2019; 27(4): 441. CrossRef
Development of tailored contents of a mobile health application to prevent the metabolic syndrome
Jiye Kim, Jiwan Kang, Harim Kim, Juyeun Ko, Hyekyeong Kim, Yuri Kim, Kwangsuk Ko, Minsoo Lee
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2018; 35(3): 25. CrossRef
Factors affecting metabolic syndrome by lifestyle
Nam-Kyun Ki, Hae-Kag Lee, Jae-Hwan Cho, Seon-Chil Kim, Nak-Sang Kim
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2016; 28(1): 38. CrossRef
Correlations between metabolic syndrome, serologic factors, and gallstones
Jae Hong Sang, Nam Kyun Ki, Jae Hwan Cho, Jae Ouk Ahn, Jae Gun Sunwoo
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2016; 28(8): 2337. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Readability and Suitability of Printed Educational Materials on Metabolic Syndrome
Jung Eun Kim, Sook Ja Yang
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2016; 30(1): 149. CrossRef
The Effects of Menopause on the Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Women
SoYoun Bang, IlGu Cho
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(4): 2704. CrossRef
Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence and Lifestyle by Age and Metabolic Syndrome Status in Women Religious
Yang-Hee Kim, Hee-Seung Kim
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2015; 17(1): 11. CrossRef
A Systematic Review of Literature on Community Health Center Exercise Programs
Suk-Jung Han, Young-Ran Lee, Chung-Min Cho, Mee-Young Im
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2015; 26(1): 18. CrossRef
Assessment of Nurses' Nutritional Knowledge and Educational Needs Regarding Stroke Specific Diet Regimens
Suk-Hee Song, Smi Choi-Kwon, Ji Hyun Baek, Kuyng-Ja Song, Chi-Kang Koh
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2015; 17(3): 228. CrossRef
The Effects of Metabolic Syndrome on Quality of Life
So Youn Bang
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(10): 7034. CrossRef
Nutrition Knowledge, Food Habit Problems and Dietary Attitudes of Nursing Students
Su-Ol Kim, So-Myeong Kim
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(4): 466. CrossRef
Development and Effect of a Metabolic Syndrome Prevention Program for University Students using Mobile Application.
Han Kyu Kang, Tae Bin Kim, Kyu Hyung Kim, Min Jin Kim, Jin Hyun Kim, Hyun Yong Kim, Kyung Hoon Yeom, Ka Hyun Lee, Eun Young Choi, Kyung Ah Kang
Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(3): 205. CrossRef
The Effects of Lifestyle Factors on Metabolic Syndrome among Adolescents
Hanju Lee
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2014; 28(2): 270. CrossRef
Discriminating Factors of Stages of Change for Exercise among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Hyun Ju Hwang, Eun Nam Lee, Eun Jung Choi
Journal of muscle and joint health.2014; 21(1): 46. CrossRef
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its associated Factors among Elders in a Rural Community
Bongjeong Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(2): 225. CrossRef

[English] The Effects of Regular Walking Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Depressive Symptoms in the Elderly with Diabetic Mellitus: Ki Wol Sung, Ji Hyun Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(4):409-418. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.4.409

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study aimed to estimate the effects of a regular walking exercise program on metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, and depressive symptoms among the elderly with diabetic mellitus (DM) based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).
METHODS
This study has randomized and stratified experimental design with experimental and control groups. We developed a regular walking exercise program suitable for the elderly with DM based on the guidance of AAHPERD. The experimental group participated in the regular walking exercise program, which contains walking exercise 3 times a week and 50 minutes each time for 3 months and education on controlling diet and preventing complications once a week and 20 minutes each time for 4 weeks. Post-test was conducted after 3 months to estimate metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, and depressive symptoms.
RESULTS
The regular walking exercise program was effective for decreasing the waist size, the level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride (TG), cardiovascular risk factors and the severity of depressive symptoms among the elderly with DM.
CONCLUSION
The incidence of complications would be decreased by applying a regular walking exercise program.

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The Asian Journal of Kinesiology.2023; 25(4): 12. CrossRef
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Effects of a Physical Exercise Program on Physiological, Psychological, and Physical Function of Older Adults in Rural Areas
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8487. CrossRef
The Effects of a Health Mentoring Program in Community-dwelling Vulnerable Elderly Individuals with Diabetes
Ki wol Sung, Hye Seung Kang, Ji Ran Nam, Mi Kyung Park, Ji Hyeon Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2018; 48(2): 182. CrossRef
The Effects of Urban Forest-walking Program on Health Promotion Behavior, Physical Health, Depression, and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Office-workers
Kyung-Sook Bang, In-sook Lee, Sung-Jae Kim, Min Kyung Song, Se-Eun Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2016; 46(1): 140. CrossRef
The effects of Nordic and general walking on depression disorder patients’ depression, sleep, and body composition
Seong Doo Park, Seong Hun Yu
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2015; 27(8): 2481. CrossRef
The Effects of Elderly Diabetes Mellitus Patients' Self-care Behavior and Health Conservation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Kiwol Sung
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2015; 26(2): 150. CrossRef
Comparison of the effects of Korean mindfulness‐based stress reduction, walking, and patient education in diabetes mellitus
Hee Young Jung, Haejung Lee, Jina Park
Nursing & Health Sciences.2015; 17(4): 516. CrossRef
Effects of Health Characteristics on Depression of Elderly Beneficiaries of the National Basic Livelihood Scheme
Jungyi Hur, Yunjeong Yi, Keum-Jae Lee, Hee Gerl Kim
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2013; 27(2): 327. CrossRef
Characteristics of Nutrient Intake According to Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly - Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010 -
Mi Hyun Kim
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2013; 26(3): 515. CrossRef

[English] The hs-CRP Levels and the Metabolic Syndrome according to Glucose Intolerance in Inhabitants of Rural Communities: Jong Im Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2009;20(2):143-151. Published online June 30, 2009

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to investigate the relations and odds ratio between hs-CRP and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome according to glucose intolerance and diabetes among the residents of a rural community.
METHODS
The subjects include 1,968 adults aged from 40 to 70 who were divided into four groups and a diabetes group according to glucose intolerance to compare the relations and risk ratio between hs-CRP and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome.
RESULTS
The results reveal that the greater the subjects' glucose intolerance was, the higher their hs-CRP became and the more risk factors of metabolic syndrome they had. The impaired glucose tolerance group showed 1.7 times higher blood pressure than the control group. The diabetes group showed a high odds ratio with 2.3 times higher blood pressure, 2.2 times higher abdominal obesity, and 2.4 times higher W/Ht than the control group. And the odds ratio increased significantly by 1.7 times in the hs-CRP intermediate risk group and 2.5 times in the high risk group compared with the control group.
CONCLUSION
Considering the study results, it is very important to monitor abdominal obesity, blood pressure and the intermediate and high risk group of hs-CRP in order to reduce the contraction of cardiovascular diseases.

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