Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Original Articles

Development and Effectiveness of a Basic Epidemiological Investigation Simulation Program of Emerging Respiratory Infectious Diseases for Nursing Students: Application of Standardized Patients: Jiyun Park, Gye Jeong Yeom; Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2023;34(4):267-280. Published online December 29, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/rcphn.2023.00241

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to develop a simulation-based education program of emerging respiratory infectious diseases using standardized patients for nursing students, and to test the effects on basic epidemiological investigation performed while wearing Level D Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Methods
A total of 64 senior nursing students were recruited and assigned to either the experimental group (n=33) or a control group (n=31) in May 2022. This program was developed based on the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model. The analysis phase consisted of a literature review and target group survey. In addition, learning objectives and a structure were designed, and a scenario was developed with expert consulting. In the implementation phase, the program was conducted the course of 3 hours. The evaluation phase involved verification of the effects on clinical performance, self-efficacy, and anxiety related to basic epidemiological investigation, as well as an assessment of satisfaction with the program.
Results
There were significant differences between the experimental and control groups in clinical performance (Z=-2.15, p=.010) and anxiety related to basic epidemiological investigation (Z=-4.02, p<.001). However, there was no significant difference in self-efficacy related to basic epidemiological investigation.
Conclusion
The results indicate that this simulation-based education program was effective in improving clinical performance and reducing anxiety related to basic epidemiological investigation of nursing students. In addition, this program is expected to be widely used as an epidemiological investigation education for the initial prevention of infectious diseases.

A Study on Outcomes of the Utilization of Visiting Nursing Service at the Integrated Visiting Nursing Center in Bucheon-si: Hyun-Kyung Park, Ae Jung Yoo, Ju Young Yoon, Jae Woo Choi; Res Community Public Health Nurs. 2023;34(2):127-134. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/rcphn.2023.00045

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
The government has implemented a pilot project for community care for older adults and the integrated visiting nursing center in Bucheon-si operated by public fund of government to provide visiting nursing service for older adults. This study aimed to analyze the outcomes of the utilization of visiting nursing service at the integrated visiting nursing center in Bucheon-si.
Methods
This study linked the personal data from the pilot project for community care with the National Health Insurance data. The final subjects comprised 30 participants and 110 of the matched control group. The length of home stay, hospitalization, and the admission for long-term care facilities or convalescent hospitals were measured. Statistical analysis was performed through difference-in-differences analysis using generalized estimating equation and Cox proportional hazards model.
Results
The results indicated an increase of 28.2 days for length of home stay and a reduction of 69% in hospitalization from medical institutions and 81% in admission of long-term care facilities or convalescent hospitals among participants compared to the control group.
Conclusion
The visiting nursing service of the integrated visiting nursing center was effective in extending length of home stay and lowering the hospitalization of medical institutions and admission of long-term care facilities or convalescent hospitals.

Perceived Discrimination and Workplace Violence among School Health Teachers: Relationship with School Organizational Climate: Joohee Kim, Young Ko; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2022;33(4):432-445. Published online December 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2022.33.4.432

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of the school organizational climate with perceived discrimination and the workplace violence among school health teachers. Methods: The research design was a cross-sectional study. The subjects of the study were 350 school health teachers with more than one year of teaching experience. Data were collected online using a questionnaire. Research variables are general characteristics, organizational climate, perceived discrimination, and workplace violence. The relationship between organizational climate and perceived discrimination and the relationship between organizational climate and workplace violence were analyzed using regression analysis. Results: The score for organizational climate of health teachers was 3.10 out of 5 points, the score for perceived discrimination was 2.85 out of 5 points, and the experience rate of workplace violence was 16.9%. School organizational climate was related to both workplace violence and perceived discrimination. The subcomponents of organizational climate affecting perceived discrimination of health teachers were interrelationship and the level of compensation. The subcomponents of organizational climate affecting workplace violence of health teachers were interrelationship and autonomy. Conclusion: The improvement of the school's organizational climate can reduce the level of workplace violence and discrimination against health teachers. It is important to establish an appropriate evaluation system for health teachers and to recognize the role and expertise of health teachers. In addition, it is necessary for school administraters to actively support health teahcers and to create an organizational climate where they can be friendly and communicative.

A Structural Equation Model on Standard Precautions Compliance of Nursing Students: Hey Jin Ha, Eun A Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2022;33(3):321-331. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2022.33.3.321

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study is to establish a structural model for standard precautions compliance of nursing students. This conceptual model was based on the IMB (Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills) model of Fisher and Fisher. Methods: Data were collected from October 12 to December 1, 2020, and the subjects were nursing students from G metropolitan city and J province, and the data of a total of 334 subjects were analyzed. For data analysis, this study used the SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24.0 programs. Results: The hypothetical model showed a good fit to the data: x ² =106.46 (p<.001), x ² /df=2.54, RMSEA=.07, SRMR=.04, CFI=.96, TLI=.94. It was confirmed that the variables that have a statistically significant influence on the standard precautions compliance in nursing students were in the order of self-efficacy, social support, personal attitude, and standard precautions knowledge. The model explained 48.3% of the variance in standard precautions compliance of nursing students. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop and apply various specialized extracurricular programs that can induce an individual attitude toward observing standard precautions compliance in a positive direction in relationships with teachers and peers and gain their support.

The Effect of the Delivery Format on Teaching Presence, Learning Presence, and Learning Outcomes in Distance Learning of Nursing Students: Synchronous versus Asynchronous Learning: Min A Kim, So Eun Choi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2022;33(3):312-320. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2022.33.3.312

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study was performed to explore the effect of the delivery format on teaching presence, learning presence, and learning outcomes in distance learning of nursing students. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted to understand teaching presence, learning presence, and learning outcomes depending on the delivery format of distance learning. Quota sampling methodology was used to recruit 295 nursing students from all over the country, and data collection was done from July 27 to September 10, 2020. The first delivery format for distance learning was synchronous learning in which communication between the instructor and students occurred simultaneously. The second delivery format was asynchronous learning in which prerecorded videos were provided and communication did not occur simultaneously. Results: In synchronous learning, teaching presence (especially direct facilitation) and learning presence (especially emotional expression) had a statistical significance that was higher than in asynchronous learning. However, in learning outcomes, there was no statistically significant difference. There were significant positive correlations between teaching presence, learning presence, and learning outcomes, and there were significant positive correlations. Conclusion: It can be suggested that learning outcomes can be improved if presence is improved in the distance learning environment based on the results of this study. It is necessary to add contact with nursing students and instructors to improve teaching presence in the asynchronous learning, and it is necessary to help students express their emotions to improve learning presence.

The Retention Factors among Nurses in Rural and Remote Areas: Lessons from the Community Health Practitioners in South Korea: Hye Jin Park, Kyung Ja June; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2022;33(3):269-278. Published online September 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2022.33.3.269

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study analyzed the retention factors of Korean community health practitioners who sustained over 20 years based on a multi-dimensional framework. This study suggests global implications for nurses working in rural or remote areas, even during a worldwide pandemic. Methods: The participants were 16 Korean community health practitioners who worked in rural or remote locations for over 20 years. This study identified nurses' key retention factors contributing to long service in rural and remote areas. This is a qualitative study based on the narrative method and analysis was conducted using grounded theory. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted based on the following: the life flow of the participants' first experience, episodes during the work experience, and reflections on the past 20 years. Results: First, personal 'financial needs' and 'callings' were motivation-related causal conditions. The adaptation of environment-work-community was the contextual condition leading to intervening conditions, building coping strategies by encountering a lifetime crisis. The consequences of 'transition' and 'maturation' naturally occurred with chronological changes. The unique factors were related to the 'external changes' in the Korean primary health system, which improved the participants' social status and welfare. Conclusion: Considering multi-dimensional retention factors was critical, including chronological (i.e., historical changes) and external factors (i.e., healthcare systems), to be supportive synchronously for rural nurses. Without this, the individuals working in the rural areas could be victimized by insecurity and self-commitment. Furthermore, considering the global pandemic, the retention of nurses is crucial to prevent the severity of isolation in rural and remote areas.

A Study on the Gongjungwisaeng Kanhohak, the First Korean Textbook for Public Health Nursing: Kyung Ja June, Ggod Me Yi; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2022;33(1):84-95. Published online March 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2022.33.1.84

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to extend the knowledge about the textbook, Public Health Nursing Textbook (in Korean, Gongjungwisaeng Kanhohak) which is published in 1933 by the Nurses' Association of Korea.
Methods
Public Health Nursing Textbook was investigated from the cover page to the last page and compared with two original books and other nursing books published in modern Korea.
Results
Public Health Nursing Textbook was the forth published Korean nursing textbook and the first published Korean public health nursing textbook. Rosenberger, a missionary nurse from USA, Lee Keumjeon, Korean public health nurse who studied in Canada, and other Koreans were in charge of translation, etc. It is a user‐friendly book written mainly in Korean (Hangul) with Chinese characters and included the English table of contents, preface and back cover. Most of its contents were extracted and translated from two original books, one is Public Health Nursing by Mary Gardner and the other is Personal Hygiene Applied by Jesse Williams. It is worth noting that the book not only introduced the public health nurses’s activities across the country, but also focused on the information necessary for common health problems at that time.
Conclusion
From the Public Hygiene and Nursing, it can be seen that public health nurses had been independently educated since Imperial Japan’s colonial period, and public health nursing was growing as a independent field in Korea.

Citations

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A study on the Textbook on Nursing published in Korea in 1918
Ggodme Yi, SuJeong Yu, Chan Sook Park
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2023; 29(4): 415. CrossRef

The Effects of ICT Enhanced Home-visit Nursing in Long-Term Care Insurance on Health-related Quality of Life among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Keun Joo Yoo, Jin Hee Shin, Eun Hee Cho, Seok Won Hong; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2022;33(1):1-12. Published online March 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2022.33.1.1

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
This secondary data analysis study evaluated the effects of ICT enhanced home-visit nursing in long-term care insurance on health-related quality of life among community-dwelling older adults.
Methods
This study included data of 131 older adults who had experienced a pilot service for ICT enhanced home-visit nursing. ICT enhanced home-visit nursing refers to a method of sharing health records and teleconference between a visiting nurse and a doctor during the home-visit nursing services to community-dwelling older adults. Health-related quality of life and influencing factors were analyzed by t-tests, logistic regression analysis using the Stata 17/SE program.
Results
After a pilot service for ICT enhanced home-visit nursing, their health-related quality of life increased. The teleconferencing method had a significant effect on the increase in health-related quality of life.
Conclusion
The findings indicate a pilot service for ICT enhanced home-visit nursing can be applied to the domestic community-based healthcare service model in terms of health management. In the future, the advanced service model of a pilot service for ICT enhanced home-visit nursing in which subjects conduct detailed for each health problem, and a well-designed evaluation system should be developed.

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Community Health Nursing During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea: Consequences, Challenges, and Directions
Eunjoo Kim, Ju Young Yoon, Hyori Kim
Journal of Community Health Nursing.2023; 40(2): 79. CrossRef

A Delphi Study for Development of Disaster Nursing Education Contents in Community Health Nursing: Chun Mi Kim, Song Yi Han, Young Ran Chin; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2021;32(4):555-565. Published online December 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2021.32.4.555

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study was conducted to develop the contents of disaster nursing education in community health nursing at universities. Methods: To validate contents, the Delphi method was used. We categorized two domains(indirect disaster management and direct disaster management) and developed 48 draft items. This study applied two round surveys and 23 experts participated in this study. The content validity was calculated using content validity ratio and coefficient of variation. Results: Indirect disaster management domain was composed of three categories including 12 items: 1) Understanding of the disaster, 2) disaster management system, and 3) response by disaster stage and recovery. Direct disaster management domain was composed of nine categories including 30 items: 1) Ethical considerations, 2) communication in disasters, 3) nursing activity by disaster stage, 4) emergency nursing in disasters, 5) patient severity classification in disasters, 6) disaster nursing for vulnerable groups, 7) disaster nursing for victims, 8) psychosocial nursing and health in disasters, and 9) cases of disaster nursing in communities. Conclusion: This Delphi study identified the contents of disaster nursing education curriculum, and confirmed the validity for disaster education program in community health nursing. Based on the results, it will be helpful for training the disaster nursing and improving the competency on disaster nursing of the nursing students.

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A study on the types of disaster awareness in nursing students: Q methodology
Mihyeon Seong, Dajung Ryu, Sohyune Sok
BMC Nursing.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

A Study on Global Nursing Practice Education Experience: Eun Sil Cho, Myoung Hee Seo, Soo Ok You, Ok Hee Ahn, Myeoung Hi Song; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2021;32(4):485-496. Published online December 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2021.32.4.485

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study attempted to obtain basic data for developing a global nursing practice education program.
Methods
The data collection period was from July 2 to 11, 2020. The study participants were professors with experience in design, operation and management of global nursing practice education or experts with experience in international cooperation projects, and 8 people who agreed to participate in focus group interview (FGI). FGI was conducted twice in total and the directed content analysis method was applied.
Results
The categories of ‘practice design’ are ‘growing as a global nursing leader’ and ‘working together towards one goal’. The categories of ‘practice operation’ are ‘watching, listening, and performing’, ‘self-directed organizing from preparation to finishing’, and ‘learning the value of participation rather than grades’. The category of 'practice management' is 'one's own weight to carry'.
Conclusion
Global nursing practice education aims one goal - growing as a global nursing leader - and is self-directed course from preparation to an end with watching, listening and performing together. It is about learning the value of participation rather than grades. This can be used as basic data for the design, operation and management of global nursing practice education in the future.

Development and Effects of a Community-Based Death Education Program for Older Adults: Sook Nam Kim, So Young Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2021;32(4):445-456. Published online December 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2021.32.4.445

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a community-based death education program for older adults.
Methods
The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group and pretest-posttest design. The subjects were community elders aged over 65 registered at a community health center and were convenience sampled. The experimental group consisted of 33 participants and the control group consisted of 32 participants. Experiments are conducted from June 18 to July 24, 2020. We tested our hypothesis using an independent t-test, and paired t-test.
Results
The experimental group had significantly higher scores for psychological well-being than the control group after treatment (t=2.24, p=.028). In general attitude toward the use of life-sustaining technology, however, only the experimental group had a significant difference before and after the experiment with lower scores compared to the control group (t=-5.41, p<.001).
Conclusion
We found that the community-based death education program developed in this study was partially effective in improving older adults’ psychological well-being and general attitude toward the use of life-sustaining technology.

Analysis of Trends in Willingness to Pay Research in Healthcare Service of Korea: So Young Seo, Soong Nang Jang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2021;32(1):24-39. Published online March 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2021.32.1.24

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study was to review the previous studies on the ‘Willingness to Pay (WTP)' for healthcare services and suggest future implications for nursing research.
Methods
Using the scoping review method, we used RISS, KISS, KMbase, Koreamed, PubMed, EMbase, CINAHL as searching engines. According to the selection and exclusion criteria, 40 appropriate studies were selected and analyzed.
Results
24 studies were categorized into medical service field among medical, public health, and nursing service fields. A total of 16 studies were related to healthcare system (policies), 13 studies were to the healthcare intervention, and 11 studies were categorized into the health management. Most of the methods for eliciting WTP (70%) were about a contingent valuation method (CVM), and the use of double bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) tended to increase. In the nursing field, five WTP studies were identified: two studies published in the early years of 2000, which were conducted on hospital-based home health visit services. Recent studies were mostly about counseling and education by advanced practice nurses (APNs).
Conclusion
WTP studies on healthcare services were largely published from the medical fields and health policy areas with the CVM method. In the field of nursing, studies have been conducted on the subject of limited service areas. More active exploration of research topics is required, particularly under the current policy setting, where discussion of the public health insurance fee for nursing practice is essential.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire for Nursing Students: Hye Young Min, Yoon Jung Kim, Jung Min Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(4):503-513. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.4.503

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire for Nursing Students (KESQ-NS).
Methods
The participants were 138 nursing students who have experience in clinical practice. The Korean version of ESQ-NS (KESQ-NS) was examined using content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity, and testing of internal consistency reliability. Data were collected from November to December of 2019 through an online-survey.
Results
The KESQ-NS that was composed of 13 items was divided into three dimensions: Critical understanding of the patient, patient holistic care, patient privacy, and confidentiality. The instrument explained 67.9% of the total variance for ethical sensitivity. Cronbach’s ⍺ was .88. Conclusion: The KESQ-NS showed good validity and reliability. This instrument can be used to evaluate ethical sensitivity in nursing students in Korea.

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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Nursing Ethics Education for Undergraduate Nursing Students and Nurses
Youngjin Lee, Soyoung Yu, Miyoung Kim, Wonjung Noh, Mi Yu, Yoomi Jung
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2022; 28(2): 164. CrossRef

The Effect of the Education Applying Havruta's Method on Communication Competency, Critical Thinking Competency, and Self-leadership of Nursing Students: Jae Hyun Ha, Hyun Ju Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(3):337-347. Published online September 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.3.337

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Purpose
The purpose of this study was to construct the education applying Havruta's method for nursing students and to examine its effect on the communication competency, critical thinking competency, and self-leadership.
Methods
A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The participants were 138 nursing students at two universities. The experimental group (n=70) received the education applying Havruta's method for six weeks. The study was carried out from September 23 to November 8, 2019. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS/WIN 22.0 for the x 2 test, Fisher's exact test, and independent t-test.
Results
The experimental group had a significant increase in communication competency (t=2.44, p=.016). However, there was no significant difference in critical thinking competency (t=1.85, p=.067), and self-leadership (t=1.78, p=.077) between the two groups.
Conclusion
The education applying Havruta's method is an effective nursing education for communication competency. The result of this study could be a guide for nursing professors at the nursing education field when developing education programs that apply Habruta’s method. Based on these results, future studies should be conducted to apply Habruta’s teaching method to various nursing majors.

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The effects of self-directed learning ability, critical thinking, and learning commitment from utilizing the Havruta method in women’s health nursing classes
Jeong Ha Yang, Mi Young Chung
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2023; 29(4): 352. CrossRef

Difficulties and Coping Experienced by Advanced Practice Nurses in Home Health Nursing Field: Moon Sook Hwang, Hak Young Park, Soo Jung Chang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(2):143-155. Published online June 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.2.143

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to explore the difficulties and coping that advanced practice nurses (APNs) experience in home health nursing field.
Methods
The participants were 12 APNs who had experience in home health nursing for over 5 years. Data were collected through two focus group interviews between August and September, 2017. The results were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis.
Results
Out of 10 sub-categories and 29 codes, 4 categories emerged: “crushed by the responsibilities as the only healthcare professional”, “worn out by family who interfere with work”, “anxiety about my safety being threatened” and “using self-learned know-hows”.
Conclusion
APNs face difficulties due to the environmental characteristics of the homes, the characteristics of chronically critically ill (CCI) patients and their families, and legal or systematical limitations when dealing with problems based on their personal competence. In order to ensure that professional nursing care is more readily provided to CCI patients through home health nursing services in local communities, it is imperative that support systems at the organizational and institutional levels be established in a systematic way to resolve the issues faced by APNs.

Citations

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Needs assessment of a home-visit safety management training program for visiting nurses
Eunjoo Kim, Hyori Kim
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2023; 29(2): 138. CrossRef
Development of Items for Transitional Care Service and Outcome Indicators of Discharged Patients for Improvement in Quality of Care
Su Kyoung Kim, Yu Seong Hwang, Minsu Ock, Heui Sug Jo
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifying the Knowledge Structure and Trends of Outreach in Public Health Care: A Text Network Analysis and Topic Modeling
Sooyeon Park, Jinkyung Park
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(17): 9309. CrossRef

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