Health Promotion Behaviors of Rural Elderly Women Living Alone and Their Life Satisfaction

Ha Jeong Kim

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.3.254

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Original Article
Health Promotion Behaviors of Rural Elderly Women Living Alone and Their Life Satisfaction: Ha Jeong Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016;27(3):254-261.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.3.254
Published online: September 30, 2016

Korean Nurse Association, Community Health Practitioner Association, Seoul, Korea.

• Received: April 29, 2016 • Revised: August 18, 2016 • Accepted: September 7, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract

Abstract

Purpose
This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between degrees of health promotion behaviors and life satisfaction and effects of health promotion behaviors on life satisfaction in rural elderly women living alone.
Methods
A descriptive correlation study was conducted with 189 rural elderly women living alone aged 65 or older in four senior counties in Jeollanam-do. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression.
Results
The subjects' health promotion behaviors and life satisfaction were significantly positive. Among the factors influencing the subjects' life satisfaction, nutrition and diet showed the greatest positive effects, followed by exercise and activity, and drinking and smoking. Among them, drinking and smoking had significantly negative influence.
Conclusion
Among the health promotion behaviors that influenced life satisfaction, nutrition and diet, exercise and activity, and drinking and smoking were most significant factors. Therefore, this study provided basic data for improving the life satisfaction among rural elderly women living alone.
Key Words: Health promotion; Quality of life; Rural population; Women; Elderly

Table 1

General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)

Characteristics		Categories	n (%)
Age (year)		65~74	88 (46.6)
Age (year)		≥75	101 (53.4)
Education		No education	90 (47.6)
		Elementary school	70 (37)
		≥Middle school	29 (15.3)
Religion (n=187)		No religion	50 (26.7)
		Buddhist	69 (36.9)
		Christian	56 (29.9)
		Catholic	12 (6.4)
Marriage		Other (not bereaved)	177 (93.7)
Marriage		Bereaved	12 (6.3)
Number of children	Son	1 or none	31 (16.4)
		2	79 (41.8)
		3	52 (27.5)
		4 or more	27 (14.3)
	Daughter	1 or none	58 (30.7)
		2	55 (29.1)
		3	43 (22.8)
		4 or more	33 (17.5)
Monthly allowance (10,000 won)		＜20	30 (15.9)
		21~40	84 (44.4)
		41~60	53 (28.0)
		≥61	22 (11.6)
Economic situation		Rich	27 (14.3)
		Average	89 (47.1)
		Poor	73 (38.6)
Regular Exercise		Yes	134 (70.9)
Regular Exercise		No	55 (29.1)
Health		Healthy	38 (20.1)
		Average	78 (41.3)
		Unhealthy	73 (38.6)
Drinking		None	106 (56.1)
Drinking		Experience	83 (43.9)
Smoking		No	183 (96.8)
Smoking		Experience	6 (3.2)

Table 2

Health Promotion Behavior and Life Satisfaction (N=189)

Variables	M±SD
Health promotion behavior	76.58±11.22
Medical examination and consultation	2.57±0.47
Nutrition and diet	2.41±0.44
Daily life management	2.51±0.40
Exercise and activity	2.36±0.69
Drinking and smoking	2.83±0.38
Stress management	2.25±0.50
Average	2.47±0.36
Life satisfaction	48.66±7.88
Average	2.43±0.39

Table 3

Health Promotion Behavior and Life Satisfaction according to the General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)

Characteristics		Category	Health promotion behavior		Life satisfaction
Characteristics		Category	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)		65~74	2.52±0.34	1.79 (.074)	2.47±0.35	1.31 (.191)
Age (year)		≥75	2.43±0.38	1.79 (.074)	2.40±0.43	1.31 (.191)
Education		No education^a	2.34±0.39	12.13 (<.001) a<b, c^†	2.38±0.41	1.89 (.153)
Education		Elementary school^b	2.57±0.29		2.50±0.40
		≥Middle school^c	2.63±0.29		2.45±0.31
Religion (N=187)		No religion^a	2.39±0.36	6.18 (.001) a, b<c^†	2.36±0.39	2.97 (.033)
		Buddhist^b	2.39±0.35		2.37±0.38
		Christian^c	2.62±0.34		2.56±0.40
		Catholic^d	2.57±0.27		2.41±0.34
Marriage		Other (not bereaved)	2.41±0.29	-0.55 (.580)	2.23±0.32	-1.86 (.064)
Marriage		Bereaved	2.47±0.37	-0.55 (.580)	2.45±0.40	-1.86 (.064)
Number of children	Son	1 or none	2.57±0.34	1.52 (.209)	2.43±0.40	.02 (.994)
		2	2.48±0.37		2.44±0.41
		3	2.41±0.35		2.42±0.43
		4 or more	2.42±0.36		2.44±0.29
	Daughter	1 or none	2.53±0.31	0.84 (.471)	2.50±0.38	1.21 (.307)
		2	2.46±0.37		2.44±0.39
		3	2.45±0.36		2.42±0.39
		4 or more	2.41±0.43		2.33±0.42
Monthly allowance (10,000 won)		<20^a	2.40±0.37	5.09 (.002) a, b<d^†	2.34±0.48	2.10 (.101)
		21~40^b	2.39±0.36		2.39±0.37
		41~60^c	2.55±0.36		2.49±0.40
		≥61^d	2.67±0.27		2.56±0.32
Economic situation		Rich^a	2.60±0.36	1.93 (.147)	2.54±0.30	3.88 (.022) a＞b^†
		Average^b	2.45±0.32		2.35±0.36
		Poor^c	2.44±0.41		2.49±0.44
Regular exercise		Yes	2.59±0.31	8.55 (<.001)	2.54±0.37	7.42 (<.001)
Regular exercise		No	2.17±0.29	8.55 (<.001)	2.16±0.30	7.42 (<.001)
Health		Healthy^a	2.64±0.28	11.31 (<.001) a, b＞c^†	2.53±0.34	7.41 (.001) a, b＞c^†
		Average^b	2.51±0.37		2.51±0.41
		Unhealthy^c	2.33±0.35		2.30±0.37
Drinking		None	2.60±0.33	5.84 (<.001)	2.56±0.38	5.20 (<.001)
Drinking		Experience	2.31±0.34	5.84 (<.001)	2.28±0.36	5.20 (<.001)
Smoking		No	2.48±0.36	1.35 (.178)	2.44±0.40	1.74 (.082)
Smoking		Experience	2.27±0.33	1.35 (.178)	2.16±0.21	1.74 (.082)

^†Scheffé test.

Table 4

Correlation between Health Promotion Behaviors and Life Satisfaction (N=189)

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Health promotion behaviors	1	.73	.88	.80	.81	.50	.72
2. Medical examination & counseling		1
3. Nutrition & diet		.61	1
4. Daily life management		.46	.71	1
5. Exercise & activities		.60	.65	.51	1
6. Drinking & smoking		.25	.36	.33	.29	1
7. Stress management		.53	.46	.47	.53	.29	1
8. Life satisfaction	.59	.43	.59	.44	.61	.03	.40	1

Table 5

Effects of Health Promotion Behaviors on Life Satisfaction (N=189)

Variables	B	S	β	t	p
(Constant)	1.67	.18		8.88	<.001
Medical examination & counseling	-0.03	.06	-.04	-0.57	.564
Nutrition & diet	0.37	.08	.42	4.66	<.001
Daily life management	0.00	.07	.00	0.05	.954
Exercise & activities	0.21	.04	.37	4.97	<.001
Drinking & smoking	-0.26	.06	-.25	-4.37	<.001
Stress management	0.07	.05	.09	1.46	.144
	R²=.49, Adj. R²=.48, F=30.10, p<.001

This article is based on a part of the first author's master's thesis from Ewha womans University.

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Citations to this article as recorded by

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Health Promotion Behaviors of Rural Elderly Women Living Alone and Their Life Satisfaction

Characteristics		Categories	n (%)
Age (year)		65~74	88 (46.6)
Age (year)		≥75	101 (53.4)
Education		No education	90 (47.6)
		Elementary school	70 (37)
		≥Middle school	29 (15.3)
Religion (n=187)		No religion	50 (26.7)
		Buddhist	69 (36.9)
		Christian	56 (29.9)
		Catholic	12 (6.4)
Marriage		Other (not bereaved)	177 (93.7)
Marriage		Bereaved	12 (6.3)
Number of children	Son	1 or none	31 (16.4)
		2	79 (41.8)
		3	52 (27.5)
		4 or more	27 (14.3)
	Daughter	1 or none	58 (30.7)
		2	55 (29.1)
		3	43 (22.8)
		4 or more	33 (17.5)
Monthly allowance (10,000 won)		＜20	30 (15.9)
		21~40	84 (44.4)
		41~60	53 (28.0)
		≥61	22 (11.6)
Economic situation		Rich	27 (14.3)
		Average	89 (47.1)
		Poor	73 (38.6)
Regular Exercise		Yes	134 (70.9)
Regular Exercise		No	55 (29.1)
Health		Healthy	38 (20.1)
		Average	78 (41.3)
		Unhealthy	73 (38.6)
Drinking		None	106 (56.1)
Drinking		Experience	83 (43.9)
Smoking		No	183 (96.8)
Smoking		Experience	6 (3.2)

Variables	M±SD
Health promotion behavior	76.58±11.22
Medical examination and consultation	2.57±0.47
Nutrition and diet	2.41±0.44
Daily life management	2.51±0.40
Exercise and activity	2.36±0.69
Drinking and smoking	2.83±0.38
Stress management	2.25±0.50
Average	2.47±0.36
Life satisfaction	48.66±7.88
Average	2.43±0.39

Characteristics		Category	Health promotion behavior		Life satisfaction
Characteristics		Category	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)		65~74	2.52±0.34	1.79 (.074)	2.47±0.35	1.31 (.191)
Age (year)		≥75	2.43±0.38	1.79 (.074)	2.40±0.43	1.31 (.191)
Education		No education^a	2.34±0.39	12.13 (<.001) a<b, c^†	2.38±0.41	1.89 (.153)
Education		Elementary school^b	2.57±0.29		2.50±0.40
		≥Middle school^c	2.63±0.29		2.45±0.31
Religion (N=187)		No religion^a	2.39±0.36	6.18 (.001) a, b<c^†	2.36±0.39	2.97 (.033)
		Buddhist^b	2.39±0.35		2.37±0.38
		Christian^c	2.62±0.34		2.56±0.40
		Catholic^d	2.57±0.27		2.41±0.34
Marriage		Other (not bereaved)	2.41±0.29	-0.55 (.580)	2.23±0.32	-1.86 (.064)
Marriage		Bereaved	2.47±0.37	-0.55 (.580)	2.45±0.40	-1.86 (.064)
Number of children	Son	1 or none	2.57±0.34	1.52 (.209)	2.43±0.40	.02 (.994)
		2	2.48±0.37		2.44±0.41
		3	2.41±0.35		2.42±0.43
		4 or more	2.42±0.36		2.44±0.29
	Daughter	1 or none	2.53±0.31	0.84 (.471)	2.50±0.38	1.21 (.307)
		2	2.46±0.37		2.44±0.39
		3	2.45±0.36		2.42±0.39
		4 or more	2.41±0.43		2.33±0.42
Monthly allowance (10,000 won)		<20^a	2.40±0.37	5.09 (.002) a, b<d^†	2.34±0.48	2.10 (.101)
		21~40^b	2.39±0.36		2.39±0.37
		41~60^c	2.55±0.36		2.49±0.40
		≥61^d	2.67±0.27		2.56±0.32
Economic situation		Rich^a	2.60±0.36	1.93 (.147)	2.54±0.30	3.88 (.022) a＞b^†
		Average^b	2.45±0.32		2.35±0.36
		Poor^c	2.44±0.41		2.49±0.44
Regular exercise		Yes	2.59±0.31	8.55 (<.001)	2.54±0.37	7.42 (<.001)
Regular exercise		No	2.17±0.29	8.55 (<.001)	2.16±0.30	7.42 (<.001)
Health		Healthy^a	2.64±0.28	11.31 (<.001) a, b＞c^†	2.53±0.34	7.41 (.001) a, b＞c^†
		Average^b	2.51±0.37		2.51±0.41
		Unhealthy^c	2.33±0.35		2.30±0.37
Drinking		None	2.60±0.33	5.84 (<.001)	2.56±0.38	5.20 (<.001)
Drinking		Experience	2.31±0.34	5.84 (<.001)	2.28±0.36	5.20 (<.001)
Smoking		No	2.48±0.36	1.35 (.178)	2.44±0.40	1.74 (.082)
Smoking		Experience	2.27±0.33	1.35 (.178)	2.16±0.21	1.74 (.082)

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Health promotion behaviors	1	.73	.88	.80	.81	.50	.72
2. Medical examination & counseling		1
3. Nutrition & diet		.61	1
4. Daily life management		.46	.71	1
5. Exercise & activities		.60	.65	.51	1
6. Drinking & smoking		.25	.36	.33	.29	1
7. Stress management		.53	.46	.47	.53	.29	1
8. Life satisfaction	.59	.43	.59	.44	.61	.03	.40	1

Variables	B	S	β	t	p
(Constant)	1.67	.18		8.88	<.001
Medical examination & counseling	-0.03	.06	-.04	-0.57	.564
Nutrition & diet	0.37	.08	.42	4.66	<.001
Daily life management	0.00	.07	.00	0.05	.954
Exercise & activities	0.21	.04	.37	4.97	<.001
Drinking & smoking	-0.26	.06	-.25	-4.37	<.001
Stress management	0.07	.05	.09	1.46	.144
	R²=.49, Adj. R²=.48, F=30.10, p<.001

Table 1 General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)

Table 2 Health Promotion Behavior and Life Satisfaction (N=189)

Table 3 Health Promotion Behavior and Life Satisfaction according to the General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)

^†Scheffé test.

Table 4 Correlation between Health Promotion Behaviors and Life Satisfaction (N=189)