The Relationship among Family Support, Self-efficacy, Health Literacy, Perceived Health Status and Health-promoting Behavior in Married Immigrant Women

Cho-hee Kang; Young Ran Han

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.3.202

Articles

Page Path: HOME > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > Volume 27(3); 2016 > Article

Original Article
The Relationship among Family Support, Self-efficacy, Health Literacy, Perceived Health Status and Health-promoting Behavior in Married Immigrant Women: Cho-hee Kang, Young Ran Han; Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016;27(3):202-212.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.3.202
Published online: October 7, 2016

¹Dongguk University Medical Center, Gyeongju, Korea.

²Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea.

• Received: April 28, 2016 • Revised: July 14, 2016 • Accepted: July 18, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev next

1,190 Views
7 Download
6 Crossref

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the association of family support, self-efficacy, health literacy and perceived health status with health-promoting behavior (HPB) in married immigrant women.
Methods
A cross-sectional based survey was conducted to collect data from married immigrant women living in Gyeongsang province. Questionnaires included Health promoting lifestyle profile II, General self-efficacy scale, Korean Health literacy assessment and perceived health status.
Results
157 subjects participated in the study (mean age, 30.47±6.83). Their duration of living in Korea was 63.05±50.11 months. Of the participants, 59.2% were Vietnamese. The level of HPB, perceived health status, health literacy, support of family and self-efficacy were 2.58±0.42, 3.39±0.86, 25.12± 20.99, 3.83±0.70 and 3.61±0.53 respectively. Factors affecting the HPB of the participants were support from family (β =.45, p<.001) and self-efficacy (β=.16, p<.05). The explanatory power of these two variables was 34.2%.
Conclusion
This study suggests that the factors influencing the HPB of married immigrant women include support from family and self-efficacy. A variety of programs should be provided for families so that they can support those women to help them increase their HPB. It is recommended that more various programs be provided to increase their self-efficacy.
Key Words: Emigrants and immigrants; Women; Health promotion; Family; Self efficacy

Table 1

Difference of Health-Promoting Behavior between Sociodemographic and Married Immigrant Characteristics (N=157)

Characteristics	Categories		n (%)	Health promoting behavior		Subscales
				Health promoting behavior		Health responsibility		Physical activity		Nutrition		Spiritual growth		Interpersonal relations		Stress management
				M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)	≤29		81 (51.6)	2.63±0.43	1.18 (.311)	2.30±0.51	0.09 (.917)	2.41±0.47	0.47 (.627)	2.50±0.53	2.13 (.123)	2.88±0.54	1.73 (.180)	2.84±0.50	0.61 (.544)	2.90±0.52	2.13 (.123)
	30~39		58 (36.9)	2.52±0.43		2.27±0.51		2.36±0.44		2.33±0.56		2.71±0.51		2.75±0.50		2.72±0.49
	≥40		18 (11.5)	2.57±0.41		2.32±0.59		2.48±0.48		2.31±0.41		2.81±0.53		2.75±0.41		2.79±0.51
Experience pregnancy	Yes		116 (73.9)	2.56±0.41	-1.07 (.288)	2.27±0.50	-0.89 (.376)	2.37±0.43	-1.29 (.203)	2.40±0.50	-0.70 (.487)	2.78±0.51	-1.17 (.245)	2.80±0.48	0.18 (.861)	2.78±0.51	-1.50 (.137)
Experience pregnancy	No		41 (26.1)	2.64±0.47	-1.07 (.288)	2.35±0.55	-0.89 (.376)	2.49±0.52	-1.29 (.203)	2.47±0.61	-0.70 (.487)	2.89±0.59	-1.17 (.245)	2.78±0.53	0.18 (.861)	2.92±0.51	-1.50 (.137)
Number of children	0		49 (31.2)	2.61±0.47	0.58 (.632)	2.32±0.54	1.17 (.323)	2.46±0.52	1.23 (.302)	2.44±0.59	0.23 (.874)	2.86±0.57	0.37 (.776)	2.75±0.51	0.62 (.602)	2.87±0.53	.27 (.845)
	1		54 (34.4)	2.60±0.37		2.30±0.45		2.41±0.42		2.43±0.44		2.81±0.51		2.85±0.42		2.81±0.47
	2		45 (28.7)	2.52±0.44		2.20±0.50		2.30±0.41		2.37±0.55		2.74±0.54		2.75±0.55		2.78±0.56
	≥3		9 (5.7)	2.68±0.51		2.53±0.73		2.51±0.51		2.49±0.67		2.85±0.46		2.90±0.45		2.81±0.52
Cohabitant	Nuclear family		106 (67.5)	2.61±0.43	1.01 (.312)	2.32±0.50	1.05 (.296)	2.44±0.45	1.63 (.105)	2.42±0.56	0.15 (.878)	2.84±0.54	1.02 (.309)	2.81±0.50	0.45 (.650)	2.85±0.52	1.03 (.304)
Cohabitant	Extended family		51 (32.5)	2.53±0.41	1.01 (.312)	2.23±0.54	1.05 (.296)	2.32±0.46	1.63 (.105)	2.41±0.48	0.15 (.878)	2.75±0.51	1.02 (.309)	2.77±0.48	0.45 (.650)	2.76±0.51	1.03 (.304)
Occupation	Yes		24 (15.3)	2.42±0.42	-2.06 (.041)	2.23±0.45	-0.61 (.541)	2.29±0.43	-1.34 (.181)	2.29±0.50	-1.30 (.195)	2.53±0.53	-2.89 (.004)	2.63±0.58	-1.81 (.073)	2.57±0.54	-2.61 (.010)
Occupation	No		133 (84.7)	2.61±0.42	-2.06 (.041)	2.30±0.53	-0.61 (.541)	2.42±0.46	-1.34 (.181)	2.44±0.54	-1.30 (.195)	2.86±0.52	-2.89 (.004)	2.82±0.47	-1.81 (.073)	2.87±0.50	-2.61 (.010)
Education	≤Elementary school		13 (8.3)	2.45±0.51	0.69 (.562)	2.25±0.54	0.63 (.596)	2.16±0.36	2.28 (.082)	2.50±0.65	0.32 (.808)	2.62±0.69	0.96 (.412)	2.59±0.52	0.98 (.405)	2.61±0.62	0.90 (.442)
	Middle school		55 (35.0)	2.56±0.40		2.23±0.48		2.36±0.44		2.40±0.50		2.79±0.51		2.80±0.47		2.83±0.48
	High school		63 (40.1)	2.60±0.40		2.32±0.50		2.43±0.44		2.44±0.48		2.81±0.50		2.80±0.48		2.83±0.53
	≥College		26 (16.6)	2.65±0.50		2.38±0.62		2.54±0.52		2.34±0.65		2.92±0.56		2.87±0.55		2.88±0.49
Education of husband	≤Elementary school		4 (2.5)	2.29±0.43	1.02 (.386)	2.08±0.40	0.36 (.784)	2.09±0.45	1.62 (.188)	2.17±0.56	0.42 (.736)	2.34±0.61	1.91 (.131)	2.44±0.35	0.91 (.436)	2.66±0.64	1.31 (.272)
	Middle school		20 (12.7)	2.53±0.43		2.34±0.47		2.32±0.45		2.44±0.46		2.68±0.64		2.78±0.50		2.63±0.48
	High school		87 (55.4)	2.58±0.44		2.27±0.52		2.38±0.46		2.40±0.57		2.81±0.54		2.78±0.50		2.85±0.52
	≥College		46 (29.3)	2.64±0.40		2.32±0.53		2.50±0.44		2.46±0.49		2.90±0.43		2.85±0.47		2.86±0.50
Perceived socio economic status	Low		11 (7.0)	2.43±0.39	0.72 (.542)	2.16±0.44	0.86 (.463)	2.28±0.40	1.05 (.373)	2.14±0.52	1.08 (.361)	2.74±0.44	0.22 (.886)	2.64±0.52	0.62 (.601)	2.69±0.47	0.41 (.745)
	Middle		111 (70.7)	2.59±0.42		2.29±0.51		2.38±0.43		2.44±0.50		2.83±0.53		2.80±0.49		2.83±0.51
	High		29 (18.5)	2.63±0.48		2.39±0.58		2.53±0.54		2.44±0.61		2.79±0.59		2.84±0.51		2.85±0.58
	Don't know		6 (3.8)	2.47±0.43		2.09±0.52		2.35±0.53		2.39±0.69		2.69±0.38		2.67±0.38		2.69±0.44
Duration in South Korea (year)	<5^a		89 (56.7)	2.66±0.38	3.43 (.035) b<a	2.35±0.49	2.34 (.100)	2.49±0.42	5.71 (.004) b<a	2.46±0.49	0.79 (.457)	2.91±0.47	3.77 (.025) c<a	2.87±0.44	2.32 (.101)	2.92±0.48	3.85 (.023) b<a
	5~10^b		47 (29.9)	2.47±0.50		2.16±0.56		2.22±0.48		2.39±0.63		2.70±0.62		2.69±0.58		2.69±0.57
	>10^c		21 (13.4)	2.52±0.38		2.34±0.47		2.41±0.44		2.31±0.45		2.64±0.47		2.71±0.45		2.71±0.46
Native country	China^a		35 (22.3)	2.50±0.41	0.78 (.506)	2.24±0.54	0.55 (.651)	2.42±0.45	1.31 (.378)	2.22±0.47	4.01 (.009) a, b<c	2.78±0.47	0.58 (.629)	2.68±0.40	1.29 (.279)	2.73±0.47	1.67 (.177)
	The Philippines^b		19 (12.1)	2.62±0.44		2.42±0.54		2.56±0.50		2.24±0.55		2.82±0.54		2.82±0.54		2.91±0.46
	Vietnam^c		93 (59.2)	2.62±0.44		2.28±0.51		2.36±0.46		2.53±0.53		2.84±0.57		2.85±0.51		2.86±0.54
	Others^d		10 (6.4)	2.49±0.29		2.36±0.44		2.41±0.35		2.36±0.47		2.61±0.34		2.67±0.42		2.56±0.43
Subjective Korean ability	Speaking	>Average	17 (10.8)	2.56±0.32	0.22 (.805)	2.31±0.39	0.03 (.966)	2.36±0.31	0.69 (.501)	2.43±0.49	0.01 (.991)	2.79±0.40	0.34 (.713)	2.65±0.39	0.88 (.415)	2.83±0.49	0.25 (.781)
		Average	104 (66.2)	2.57±0.44		2.28±0.51		2.38±0.47		2.42±0.55		2.79±0.55		2.80±0.50		2.80±0.52
		<Average	36 (22.9)	2.62±0.43		2.31±0.58		2.48±0.48		2.41±0.52		2.87±0.53		2.84±0.50		2.87±0.52
	Listening	>Average	18 (11.5)	2.60±0.32	0.63 (.532)	2.29±0.41	0.74 (.478)	2.40±0.39	1.82 (.166)	2.46±0.45	0.19 (.829)	2.88±0.47	0.56 (.572)	2.76±0.37	0.13 (.883)	2.84±0.53	0.49 (.612)
		Average	109 (69.4)	2.56±0.44		2.26±0.51		2.36±0.46		2.40±0.55		2.78±0.54		2.79±0.50		2.80±0.52
		<Average	30 (19.1)	2.66±0.45		2.39±0.60		2.54±0.48		2.45±0.53		2.88±0.55		2.83±0.53		2.90±0.49
	Reading	>Average	22 (14.0)	2.61±0.30	0.93 (.395)	2.31±0.38	0.78 (.458)	2.43±0.36	0.47 (.625)	2.45±0.44	0.88 (.417)	2.89±0.43	0.42 (.658)	2.78±0.34	1.14 (.322)	2.82±0.51	0.72 (.490)
		Average	109 (69.4)	2.60±0.44		2.31±0.52		2.42±0.48		2.44±0.54		2.81±0.56		2.83±0.51		2.85±0.52
		<Average	26 (16.6)	2.48±0.45		2.18±0.61		2.32±0.45		2.29±0.57		2.75±0.48		2.67±0.52		2.71±0.50
	Writing	>Average	18 (11.5)	2.56±0.33	0.07 (.930)	2.25±0.43	0.09 (.916)	2.36±0.37	0.15 (.860)	2.41±0.49	0.20 (.821)	2.85±0.37	0.09 (.918)	2.72±0.34	0.55 (.579)	2.77±0.47	0.10 (.908)
		Average	104 (66.2)	2.59±0.44		2.30±0.49		2.40±0.47		2.43±0.55		2.80±0.56		2.82±0.51		2.83±0.53
		<Average	35 (22.3)	2.57±0.44		2.28±0.62		2.43±0.47		2.37±0.51		2.81±0.53		2.75±0.50		2.83±0.49

Table 2

Level of Health Promoting Behavior, Family Support, Self-efficacy, Health Literacy and Perceived Health Status (N=157)

Variables (Min.~Max.)	M±SD
Health promoting behavior
Total (1~4)	2.58±0.43
Sub category
Health Responsibility (HR)	2.29±0.52
Physical Activity (PA)	2.40±0.46
Nutrition (NT)	2.42±0.53
Spiritual Growth (SG)	2.81±0.53
Interpersonal Relations (IR)	2.79±0.49
Stress Management (SM)	2.82±0.52
Family support (FS)	3.83±0.70
Self-efficacy (SE, 1~5)	3.61±0.53
Health literacy (HL, 0~66)	25.12±20.99
Perceived health status (PHS, 1~5)	3.39±0.86

Table 3

Correlations of related Variables with Health-promoting Behavior (N=157)

Variables		HPB	subscales						FS	SE	HL	PHS
Variables		HPB	HR	PA	NT	SG	IR	SM	FS	SE	HL	PHS
Health-promoting behavior (HPB)		1
Sub-scales	Health responsibility (HR)	.83^**	1
	Physical activity (PA)	.86^**	.81^**	1
	Nutrition (NT)	.83^**	.66^**	.58^**	1
	Spiritual growth (SG)	.85^**	.56^**	.65^**	.65^**	1
	Interpersonal relations (IR)	.85^**	.60^**	.64^**	.66^**	.67^**	1
	Stress management (SM)	.85^**	.57^**	.71^**	.59^**	.77^**	.71^**	1
Family support (FS)		.56^**	.39^**	.51^**	.37^**	.50^**	.51^**	.59^**	1
Self-efficacy (SE)		.41^**	.37^**	.41^**	.25^**	.39^**	.30^**	.39^**	.48^**	1
Health literacy (HL)		.12	.12	.08	.03	.11	.18^*	.10	.15	.20^*	1
Perceived health status (PHS)		.03	.02	.08	-.05	-.01	.00	.12	.04	.14	-.20^*	1

^*p<.05, ^**p<.001.

Table 4

Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behavior of Participants (N=157)

Variable	B	SE	β	t	p
Support of family	.29	.05	.47	6.34	<.001
Self-efficacy	.15	.06	.18	2.45	.015
	Adj. R²=.33, R²=.34, F=39.98, p<.001

Dummy variable (d) : Occupation - Yes (1), No (0).

This article is article based on a part of the 1st author's master's thesis from University.

1. Korean Immigration Service. Korean Immigration Service statistics 2014. Gwachon: Korea Immigration Service; 2015. Report No.: 11-1270000-000465-10.
2. Kim HR. Health problems and policy challenges of multicultural families. Health Welf Issue Focus. 2013;185:1–8.
3. Seol DH, Kim YT, Kim HM, Yoon HS, Lee HK, Yim KT, et al. Focusing on the policy of welfare and health. Research Report. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2005. 06;Report No.:11-1460000-002610-01.
4. Pender NJ. Health promotion in nursing practice. Norwalk, connecticut: Appleton & Lange; 1987. p. 340.
5. Choi JH. The health-promoting behavior and the related factors among Japanese marriage-migrant women [master's thesis]. [Daegu]: Kyungpook National University; 2011. 75 p.
6. Jeong NO. A prediction model of health-promoting behavior in married immigrant women [dissertation]. [Jeonju]: Chonbuk National University; 2008. 103 p.
7. Jaung AH, Kim HJ, Jeong HJ. A study on the health status, social support and acculturative stress of Filipino marriage-migrant women. J Korea Acad Ind Coop Soc. 2011;12(12):5509–5517.Article
8. Jung EJ, Ha KS. Effect of male spouses' bicultural stress, communication and their marital satisfaction in multi race & culture family. J Korea Contents Assoc. 2012;12(2):222–231.
9. Roh YH. The study on the self-esteem, family support and parenting stress of married women immigrated [master's thesis]. [Sunchon]: Sunchon National University; 2011. 54 p.
10. Kreps GL, Sparks L. Meeting the health literacy needs of immigrant populations. Patient Educ Couns. 2008;71(3):328–332.Article PubMed
11. Dewalt DA, Berkman ND, Sheridan S, Lohr KN, Pignone MP. Literacy and health outcomes: A systematic review of the liter ature. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(12):1228–1239.Article PubMed PMC
12. Gillis AJ. Determinants of a health-promoting lifestyle: An intergrative review. J Adv Nurs. 1993;18(3):345–353.Article PubMed
13. Park JS, Lee HR. A comparative study on a health promoting lifestyle and perceived health status between high and low income elderly. J Korean Community Nurs. 2003;14(1):157–166.
14. Walker SN, Sechrist KG, Pender NJ. Health promotion model-instruments to measure health promoting lifestyle: Healthpromoting lifestyle profile [HPLP II] (Adult version). J Nurs Res. 1995;22(7):796–811.
15. Kang HS. An experimental study of the effects of reinforcement education for rehabilitation on hemiplegia patients' selfcare activities [dissertation]. [Seoul]: Yonsei University; 1984. 125 p.
16. Chen G, Gully SM, Eden D. Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organ Res Methods. 2001;4(1):62–83.Article PDF
17. Noh JH. Why should I be thankful?: The effects of gratitude on well-being under the stress [master's thesis]. [Suwon]: Ajou university; 2005. 56 p.
18. Kim SS, Kim SH, Lee SY. Health literacy: Development of a Korean health literacy assessment tool. J Korean Soc Health Educ Promot. 2005;22(4):215–227.
19. Lee SH, Choi EHR, Je MJ, Han HS, Park BK, Kim SS. Comparison of two versions of KHLAT for improvement strategies. Korean J Health Educ Promot. 2011;28(3):57–65.
20. Song YS, Lee MR, Ahn EK. The study on health promoting lifestyle of the elderly. J Korean Acad Nurs. 1997;27(3):541–549. Article PDF
21. Jung JK, Park YH. Acculturation, social support, and health promoting lifestyle behavior among foreign workers in South Korea. Korean J Soc Welf Res. 2012;32:29. http://210.101.116.28/W_files/kiss6/42500374_pv.pdf
22. Andersen E, Burton NW, Anderssen SA. Physical activity levels six months after a randomised controlled physical activity intervention for Pakistani immigrant men living in Norway. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:47.Article PubMed PMC
23. Seo YO. Health promoting lifestyle, hardiness and gender role characteristics in middle-aged women. J Korean Acad Womens Health Nurs. 1996;2(1):119–134. Article PDF
24. Lim JR, Jung MS. Factors affecting health status and health behaviors of immigrant women in urban and rural areas. J Korea Acad Ind Coop Soc. 2014;15(4):2244–2255.Article
25. Lee SM, Kim DS. Acculturation and self-rated health among foreign women in Korea. Health Soc Welf Rev. 2014;34(2):453–483.Article
26. Oh KS. Marital conflict in relation with dietary adaptation and acculturation stress among married immigrant women [master's thesis]. [Jeonju]: Chonbuk National University; 2010. 123 p.
27. Kim SO, Lim HS, Jeong GC. Effects of support from spouse and family on the mental health of marriage immigrant women. J Korea Contents Assoc. 2013;13(11):221–235.Article
28. Lee HS, Kim CM, Park MS. Analyzing factors influencing the quality of life in Vietnamese Married immigrant women in Korea. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2015;26(3):268–277.Article
29. Park HJ, Hwang SK. Linguistic and functional health literacy among community-dwelling old adults. Glob Health Nurs. 2014;4(2):49–58.
30. Jeong GH, Koh HJ, Kim KS, Kim SH, Kim JH, Park HS, et al. A survey on health management of during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum of immigrant women in a multi-cultural family. Korean J Women Health Nurs. 2009;15(4):261–269.Article

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The effect of health literacy and self-efficacy levels of Syrian refugee university students on quality of life
Hıdır Apak, Gülhan Yiğitalp, Oktay Tatlıcıoğlu
Journal of Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationships Among Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, Self-Management, and HbA1c Levels in Older Adults with Diabetes in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
Geun Young Jang, Soo Jung Chang, Jun Hee Noh
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2024; Volume 17: 409. CrossRef
Multiple mediation effect of coping styles and self-esteem in the relationship between spousal support and pregnancy stress of married immigrant pregnant women
So-hyun Moon, Miok Kim
PeerJ.2023; 11: e16295. CrossRef
Influence of Perceived Health Status, Perceived Barrier, Cultural Acculturation on Empowerment in Married Migrant Women
Yong-Sook EO, Yeon Hee LEE
JOURNAL OF FISHRIES AND MARINE SCIENCES EDUCATION.2020; 32(5): 1308. CrossRef
Trends and Level in Health Literacy Research on Immigrants in Korea: A Literature Review
Soo Jin Kang, Na Kyum Hyung
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2020; 31(3): 322. CrossRef
The Impact of Social Cognitive Constructs on Dietary Behaviors in Breast Cancer Survivors
Hyenam Hwang
Asian Oncology Nursing.2016; 16(3): 139. CrossRef

PubReader
Cite

CITE

export Copy Format

Close

XML Download

We recommend

The Relationship among Family Support, Self-efficacy, Health Literacy, Perceived Health Status and Health-promoting Behavior in Married Immigrant Women

Characteristics	Categories		n (%)	Health promoting behavior		Subscales
				Health promoting behavior		Health responsibility		Physical activity		Nutrition		Spiritual growth		Interpersonal relations		Stress management
				M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)	≤29		81 (51.6)	2.63±0.43	1.18 (.311)	2.30±0.51	0.09 (.917)	2.41±0.47	0.47 (.627)	2.50±0.53	2.13 (.123)	2.88±0.54	1.73 (.180)	2.84±0.50	0.61 (.544)	2.90±0.52	2.13 (.123)
	30~39		58 (36.9)	2.52±0.43		2.27±0.51		2.36±0.44		2.33±0.56		2.71±0.51		2.75±0.50		2.72±0.49
	≥40		18 (11.5)	2.57±0.41		2.32±0.59		2.48±0.48		2.31±0.41		2.81±0.53		2.75±0.41		2.79±0.51
Experience pregnancy	Yes		116 (73.9)	2.56±0.41	-1.07 (.288)	2.27±0.50	-0.89 (.376)	2.37±0.43	-1.29 (.203)	2.40±0.50	-0.70 (.487)	2.78±0.51	-1.17 (.245)	2.80±0.48	0.18 (.861)	2.78±0.51	-1.50 (.137)
Experience pregnancy	No		41 (26.1)	2.64±0.47	-1.07 (.288)	2.35±0.55	-0.89 (.376)	2.49±0.52	-1.29 (.203)	2.47±0.61	-0.70 (.487)	2.89±0.59	-1.17 (.245)	2.78±0.53	0.18 (.861)	2.92±0.51	-1.50 (.137)
Number of children	0		49 (31.2)	2.61±0.47	0.58 (.632)	2.32±0.54	1.17 (.323)	2.46±0.52	1.23 (.302)	2.44±0.59	0.23 (.874)	2.86±0.57	0.37 (.776)	2.75±0.51	0.62 (.602)	2.87±0.53	.27 (.845)
	1		54 (34.4)	2.60±0.37		2.30±0.45		2.41±0.42		2.43±0.44		2.81±0.51		2.85±0.42		2.81±0.47
	2		45 (28.7)	2.52±0.44		2.20±0.50		2.30±0.41		2.37±0.55		2.74±0.54		2.75±0.55		2.78±0.56
	≥3		9 (5.7)	2.68±0.51		2.53±0.73		2.51±0.51		2.49±0.67		2.85±0.46		2.90±0.45		2.81±0.52
Cohabitant	Nuclear family		106 (67.5)	2.61±0.43	1.01 (.312)	2.32±0.50	1.05 (.296)	2.44±0.45	1.63 (.105)	2.42±0.56	0.15 (.878)	2.84±0.54	1.02 (.309)	2.81±0.50	0.45 (.650)	2.85±0.52	1.03 (.304)
Cohabitant	Extended family		51 (32.5)	2.53±0.41	1.01 (.312)	2.23±0.54	1.05 (.296)	2.32±0.46	1.63 (.105)	2.41±0.48	0.15 (.878)	2.75±0.51	1.02 (.309)	2.77±0.48	0.45 (.650)	2.76±0.51	1.03 (.304)
Occupation	Yes		24 (15.3)	2.42±0.42	-2.06 (.041)	2.23±0.45	-0.61 (.541)	2.29±0.43	-1.34 (.181)	2.29±0.50	-1.30 (.195)	2.53±0.53	-2.89 (.004)	2.63±0.58	-1.81 (.073)	2.57±0.54	-2.61 (.010)
Occupation	No		133 (84.7)	2.61±0.42	-2.06 (.041)	2.30±0.53	-0.61 (.541)	2.42±0.46	-1.34 (.181)	2.44±0.54	-1.30 (.195)	2.86±0.52	-2.89 (.004)	2.82±0.47	-1.81 (.073)	2.87±0.50	-2.61 (.010)
Education	≤Elementary school		13 (8.3)	2.45±0.51	0.69 (.562)	2.25±0.54	0.63 (.596)	2.16±0.36	2.28 (.082)	2.50±0.65	0.32 (.808)	2.62±0.69	0.96 (.412)	2.59±0.52	0.98 (.405)	2.61±0.62	0.90 (.442)
	Middle school		55 (35.0)	2.56±0.40		2.23±0.48		2.36±0.44		2.40±0.50		2.79±0.51		2.80±0.47		2.83±0.48
	High school		63 (40.1)	2.60±0.40		2.32±0.50		2.43±0.44		2.44±0.48		2.81±0.50		2.80±0.48		2.83±0.53
	≥College		26 (16.6)	2.65±0.50		2.38±0.62		2.54±0.52		2.34±0.65		2.92±0.56		2.87±0.55		2.88±0.49
Education of husband	≤Elementary school		4 (2.5)	2.29±0.43	1.02 (.386)	2.08±0.40	0.36 (.784)	2.09±0.45	1.62 (.188)	2.17±0.56	0.42 (.736)	2.34±0.61	1.91 (.131)	2.44±0.35	0.91 (.436)	2.66±0.64	1.31 (.272)
	Middle school		20 (12.7)	2.53±0.43		2.34±0.47		2.32±0.45		2.44±0.46		2.68±0.64		2.78±0.50		2.63±0.48
	High school		87 (55.4)	2.58±0.44		2.27±0.52		2.38±0.46		2.40±0.57		2.81±0.54		2.78±0.50		2.85±0.52
	≥College		46 (29.3)	2.64±0.40		2.32±0.53		2.50±0.44		2.46±0.49		2.90±0.43		2.85±0.47		2.86±0.50
Perceived socio economic status	Low		11 (7.0)	2.43±0.39	0.72 (.542)	2.16±0.44	0.86 (.463)	2.28±0.40	1.05 (.373)	2.14±0.52	1.08 (.361)	2.74±0.44	0.22 (.886)	2.64±0.52	0.62 (.601)	2.69±0.47	0.41 (.745)
	Middle		111 (70.7)	2.59±0.42		2.29±0.51		2.38±0.43		2.44±0.50		2.83±0.53		2.80±0.49		2.83±0.51
	High		29 (18.5)	2.63±0.48		2.39±0.58		2.53±0.54		2.44±0.61		2.79±0.59		2.84±0.51		2.85±0.58
	Don't know		6 (3.8)	2.47±0.43		2.09±0.52		2.35±0.53		2.39±0.69		2.69±0.38		2.67±0.38		2.69±0.44
Duration in South Korea (year)	<5^a		89 (56.7)	2.66±0.38	3.43 (.035) b<a	2.35±0.49	2.34 (.100)	2.49±0.42	5.71 (.004) b<a	2.46±0.49	0.79 (.457)	2.91±0.47	3.77 (.025) c<a	2.87±0.44	2.32 (.101)	2.92±0.48	3.85 (.023) b<a
	5~10^b		47 (29.9)	2.47±0.50		2.16±0.56		2.22±0.48		2.39±0.63		2.70±0.62		2.69±0.58		2.69±0.57
	>10^c		21 (13.4)	2.52±0.38		2.34±0.47		2.41±0.44		2.31±0.45		2.64±0.47		2.71±0.45		2.71±0.46
Native country	China^a		35 (22.3)	2.50±0.41	0.78 (.506)	2.24±0.54	0.55 (.651)	2.42±0.45	1.31 (.378)	2.22±0.47	4.01 (.009) a, b<c	2.78±0.47	0.58 (.629)	2.68±0.40	1.29 (.279)	2.73±0.47	1.67 (.177)
	The Philippines^b		19 (12.1)	2.62±0.44		2.42±0.54		2.56±0.50		2.24±0.55		2.82±0.54		2.82±0.54		2.91±0.46
	Vietnam^c		93 (59.2)	2.62±0.44		2.28±0.51		2.36±0.46		2.53±0.53		2.84±0.57		2.85±0.51		2.86±0.54
	Others^d		10 (6.4)	2.49±0.29		2.36±0.44		2.41±0.35		2.36±0.47		2.61±0.34		2.67±0.42		2.56±0.43
Subjective Korean ability	Speaking	>Average	17 (10.8)	2.56±0.32	0.22 (.805)	2.31±0.39	0.03 (.966)	2.36±0.31	0.69 (.501)	2.43±0.49	0.01 (.991)	2.79±0.40	0.34 (.713)	2.65±0.39	0.88 (.415)	2.83±0.49	0.25 (.781)
		Average	104 (66.2)	2.57±0.44		2.28±0.51		2.38±0.47		2.42±0.55		2.79±0.55		2.80±0.50		2.80±0.52
		<Average	36 (22.9)	2.62±0.43		2.31±0.58		2.48±0.48		2.41±0.52		2.87±0.53		2.84±0.50		2.87±0.52
	Listening	>Average	18 (11.5)	2.60±0.32	0.63 (.532)	2.29±0.41	0.74 (.478)	2.40±0.39	1.82 (.166)	2.46±0.45	0.19 (.829)	2.88±0.47	0.56 (.572)	2.76±0.37	0.13 (.883)	2.84±0.53	0.49 (.612)
		Average	109 (69.4)	2.56±0.44		2.26±0.51		2.36±0.46		2.40±0.55		2.78±0.54		2.79±0.50		2.80±0.52
		<Average	30 (19.1)	2.66±0.45		2.39±0.60		2.54±0.48		2.45±0.53		2.88±0.55		2.83±0.53		2.90±0.49
	Reading	>Average	22 (14.0)	2.61±0.30	0.93 (.395)	2.31±0.38	0.78 (.458)	2.43±0.36	0.47 (.625)	2.45±0.44	0.88 (.417)	2.89±0.43	0.42 (.658)	2.78±0.34	1.14 (.322)	2.82±0.51	0.72 (.490)
		Average	109 (69.4)	2.60±0.44		2.31±0.52		2.42±0.48		2.44±0.54		2.81±0.56		2.83±0.51		2.85±0.52
		<Average	26 (16.6)	2.48±0.45		2.18±0.61		2.32±0.45		2.29±0.57		2.75±0.48		2.67±0.52		2.71±0.50
	Writing	>Average	18 (11.5)	2.56±0.33	0.07 (.930)	2.25±0.43	0.09 (.916)	2.36±0.37	0.15 (.860)	2.41±0.49	0.20 (.821)	2.85±0.37	0.09 (.918)	2.72±0.34	0.55 (.579)	2.77±0.47	0.10 (.908)
		Average	104 (66.2)	2.59±0.44		2.30±0.49		2.40±0.47		2.43±0.55		2.80±0.56		2.82±0.51		2.83±0.53
		<Average	35 (22.3)	2.57±0.44		2.28±0.62		2.43±0.47		2.37±0.51		2.81±0.53		2.75±0.50		2.83±0.49

Variables (Min.~Max.)	M±SD
Health promoting behavior
Total (1~4)	2.58±0.43
Sub category
Health Responsibility (HR)	2.29±0.52
Physical Activity (PA)	2.40±0.46
Nutrition (NT)	2.42±0.53
Spiritual Growth (SG)	2.81±0.53
Interpersonal Relations (IR)	2.79±0.49
Stress Management (SM)	2.82±0.52
Family support (FS)	3.83±0.70
Self-efficacy (SE, 1~5)	3.61±0.53
Health literacy (HL, 0~66)	25.12±20.99
Perceived health status (PHS, 1~5)	3.39±0.86

Variables		HPB	subscales						FS	SE	HL	PHS
Variables		HPB	HR	PA	NT	SG	IR	SM	FS	SE	HL	PHS
Health-promoting behavior (HPB)		1
Sub-scales	Health responsibility (HR)	.83^**	1
	Physical activity (PA)	.86^**	.81^**	1
	Nutrition (NT)	.83^**	.66^**	.58^**	1
	Spiritual growth (SG)	.85^**	.56^**	.65^**	.65^**	1
	Interpersonal relations (IR)	.85^**	.60^**	.64^**	.66^**	.67^**	1
	Stress management (SM)	.85^**	.57^**	.71^**	.59^**	.77^**	.71^**	1
Family support (FS)		.56^**	.39^**	.51^**	.37^**	.50^**	.51^**	.59^**	1
Self-efficacy (SE)		.41^**	.37^**	.41^**	.25^**	.39^**	.30^**	.39^**	.48^**	1
Health literacy (HL)		.12	.12	.08	.03	.11	.18^*	.10	.15	.20^*	1
Perceived health status (PHS)		.03	.02	.08	-.05	-.01	.00	.12	.04	.14	-.20^*	1

Variable	B	SE	β	t	p
Support of family	.29	.05	.47	6.34	<.001
Self-efficacy	.15	.06	.18	2.45	.015
	Adj. R²=.33, R²=.34, F=39.98, p<.001

Table 1 Difference of Health-Promoting Behavior between Sociodemographic and Married Immigrant Characteristics (N=157)

Table 2 Level of Health Promoting Behavior, Family Support, Self-efficacy, Health Literacy and Perceived Health Status (N=157)

Table 3 Correlations of related Variables with Health-promoting Behavior (N=157)

^*p<.05, ^**p<.001.

Table 4 Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behavior of Participants (N=157)