Figure 1

Research design of the study.

Table 1

Homogeneity of Demographic Characteristics and Disease Characteristics between the Two Groups (N=35)

Characteristics	Categories	Cont. (n=20)	Exp. (n=15)	χ2 or Fisher exact	p
		n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD
Gender	Female	10 (50.0)	9 (60.0)	0.35	.557
	Male	10 (50.0)	6 (40.0)
Age (year)		66.95±8.38	71.27±6.26	13.37	.104
	60~64	4 (20.0)	2 (13.3)
	65~69	5 (25.0)	4 (26.7)
	70~74	7 (35.0)	6 (40.0)
	≥75	4 (20.0)	3 (20.0)
Education level	≤Elementary school	9 (45.0)	6 (40.0)	25.72	.503
	Middle school	7 (35.0)	5 (33.3)
	≥High school	4 (20.0)	4 (26.7)
Marital state	Divorce, separation bereavement	9 (45.0)	10 (66.7)	12.01	.097
	Married (live spouse)	11 (55.0)	5 (33.3)
Average monthly income (10,000 won)	<50	5 (25.0)	6 (40.0)	7.01	.058
	50~99	10 (50.0)	5 (33.3)
	≥100	5 (25.0)	4 (26.7)
Living together with	Spouse	10 (50.0)	4 (26.7)	7.50	.056
	Son or daughter	5 (25.0)	2 (13.3)
	No one	2 (10.0)	8 (53.3)
	Spouse and children	3 (15.0)	1 (6.7)
Job	Yes	7 (35.0)	2 (13.3)	2.11	.244
	No	13 (65.0)	13 (86.7)
Duration of patients' illness (year)	≤4	7 (35.0)	6 (40.1)	2.30	.745
	5~8	8 (40.0)	4 (26.6)
	≥9	5 (25.0)	5 (33.3)
Age of onset (year)	≤60	60.40±8.80 4 (20.0)	65.07±6.60 2 (13.3)	-2.01	.072
	61~70	12 (60.0)	11 (73.3)
	≥71	4 (20.0)	2 (13.3)
Gait disability	Yes	12 (60.0)	7 (46.7)	0.61	.433
	No	8 (40.0)	8 (53.3)

Cont.=control group; Exp.=experimental group.

Table 2

Homogeneity Test of Dependent Variables before Treatment between Experimental and Control Groups (N=35)

Variables	Cont. (n=20)	Exp. (n=15)	t	p
	M±SD	M±SD
Depression	18.75±11.18	11.93±7.53	2.07	.059
Chronic illness anticipated stigma	39.35±18.77	38.40±11.59	1.12	.141
Health related quality of life	29.47±5.83	25.10±7.07	0.95	.062

Cont.=control group; Exp.=experimental group.

Table 3

Repeated Measure ANOVA of Depression, Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma and Quality of Life between the Two Groups (N=35)

Variables	Groups	Pretest	Posttest 1	Posttest 2	p†		F (p)	Sources	F (p)
		M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	Post 1/Pre	Post 2/Post 1
Depression	Cont.	18.75±11.18	16.95±9.98	19.00±11.30	.326	.023	0.21 (.809)	Group	0.98 (.332)
	Exp.	11.93±7.53	11.60±10.62	11.20±9.62	.827	.668	0.02 (.977)	Time	1.13 (.324)
	p†	.059	.365	.331				Time*Group	0.83 (.421)
CIAS	Cont.	39.35±18.77	41.45±15.28	45.45±15.36	.978	<.001	0.89 (.416)	Group	5.70 (.024)
	Exp.	38.40±11.59	37.47±10.60	31.33±13.51	.710	.066	1.55 (.225)	Time	9.10 (<.001)
	p†	.141	.162	.006				Time*Group	6.47 (.003)
Quality of life	Cont.	29.47±5.83	16.87±6.53	17.00±6.30	.001	.912	20.25 (.000)	Group	2.43 (.129)
	Exp.	25.10±7.07	22.40±7.39	26.25±7.49	.063	.009	3.53 (.036)	Time	4.75 (.027)
	p†	.062	.731	.852				Time*Group	3.94 (.045)

p=p for group differences; Cont.=control group; Exp.=experimental group; CIAS=chronic illness anticipated stigma.

• 1. Rick N. 2010. Adaptive music dance therapy: An activity to improve quality of life in long term care settings. TLTCI Series Report. Texas: College of Health Professions School of Health Administration Texas State University-San Marcos; 2010. 05;Report No.: 2010-1.
• 2. Troster AI, Fields JA. Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and related disorders of the frontostriatal system. In: Morgan JE, Ricker JH, editors. Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Taylor and Francis; 2008. p. 576–577.
• 3. Kemp G, Buxton W, Porter-Buxton V. Parkinson's disease & Parkinson's dementia [internet] Boston: Harvard Health Publications; 2013;cited 2015: October 26. Available from: http://www.helpguide.org/elder/parkinsons_disease.htm
• 4. Ioannou I. Music therapy in Parkinson's disease [master's thesis]. [Filand]: University of Jyväaskyläa; 2014. 38 p.
• 5. Reijnders JS, Ehrt U, Weber WE, Aarsland D, Leentjens AF. A systemic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23(2):183–189.ArticlePubMed
• 6. Quinn DM, Chaudoir SR. Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: The impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97(4):634–651.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 7. Bae ES, Cheon SM, Kim JW, Kang CW. A prediction model for depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Korean Soc Health Educ Promot. 2013;30(5):139–151.Article
• 8. Bae ES. The influence of social participation on quality of life in the elderly with Parkinson's disease. Korean Public Health Res. 2014;40(1):1–11.
• 9. Starkstein S, Dragovic M, Jorge R, Brockman S, Merello M, Robinson RG, et al. Diagnostic criteria for depression in Parkinson's disease: A study of symptom patterns using latent class analysis. Mov Disord. 2011;26(12):2239–2245.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 10. McDonald WM, Richard IH, DeLong MR. Prevalence, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(3):363–375.ArticlePubMed
• 11. Jongenelis K, Pot AM, Eisses AM, Beekman AT, Kluiter H, Ribbe MW. Prevalence and risk indicators of depression in elderly nursing home patients: The AGED study. J Affect Disord. 2004;83:135–142.ArticlePubMed
• 12. Ashida S. The effect of reminiscence music therapy sessions on changes in depressive symptoms in elderly persons with dementia. J Music Ther. 2000;37(3):170–182.ArticlePubMed
• 13. Vink AC, Birks J, Bruinsma MS, Scholten R. Music therapy for people with dementia [Internet] Cochrane: John Wiley & Sons; 2011;cited 2015 October 28. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003477.pub2
• 14. Julie G, Angela N. Music therapy & older adults fact sheet San Diego: Music Therapy Center of California; 2005;cited 2005 August 5. Available from: http://www.themusictherapycenter.com/sites/default/files/images/factsheets/mtcca_parkinsons.pdf
• 15. Pacchetti C, Mancini F, Aglieri R, Fundaro C, Martignoni E, Nappi G. Active music therapy in Parkinson's disease: An integrative method for motor and emotional rehabilitation. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(3):386–393. ArticlePubMed
• 16. Hackney ME, Kantorovich S, Levin R, Earhart GM. Effects of tango on functional mobility in Parkinson's disease: A preliminary study. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2007;31(4):173–179.ArticlePubMed
• 17. Volpe D, Signorini M, Marchetto A, Lynch T, Morris ME. A comparison of Irish set dancing and exercises for people with Parkinson's disease: A phase II feasibility study. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:1–6.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 18. Sorrell JA, Sorrell JM. Music as a healing art for older adults. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2008;46(3):21–24. Article
• 19. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology. 1967;17(5):427–442. ArticlePubMed
• 20. Fahn S, Elton RL. UPDRS Development Committee. The unified Parkinson's disease rating scale. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, Calne DB, Goldstein M, editors. Recent developments in Parkinson's disease. 2nd ed. Florham Park, NJ: Macmillan Healthcare Information; 1987. p. 153–163.
• 21. Beck AT. Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row; 1967. 364 p.
• 22. Lee YH. The relations between attributional style, life events, event attribution, hopelessness and depression. [dissertation]. [Seoul]: Seoul National University; 1992. 187 p.
• 23. Kurzban R, Leary MR. Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion. Psychol Bull. 2001;127(2):187–208.ArticlePubMed
• 24. Earnshaw VA, Quinn DM, Kalichman SC, Park CL. Development and psychometric evaluation of the chronic illness anticipated stigma scale. J Behav Med. 2013;36(3):270–282.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 25. Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Peto V, Greenhall R, Hyman N. The PDQ-8: Development and validation of a short form Parkinson's disease questionnaire. Psychol Health. 1997;12(6):805–814. Article
• 26. Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R. Cross-cultural evaluation of the short form 8-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8): Results from America, Canada, Japan, Italy and Spain. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13(1):22–28.ArticlePubMed
• 27. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1149–1160.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 28. Han HJ, Son SJ, Ha JW, Lee JH, Kim SA, Lee SY. The effect of group musical therapy on depression and activities on daily living in patients with cognitive decline. Dement Neurocognitive Disord. 2014;13(4):107–111.Article
• 29. Evans C, Canavan M, Foy C, Langford R, Proctor R. Can group singing provide effective speech therapy for people with Parkinson' disease? Arts Health. 2012;4(1):83–95.
• 30. Silverman MJ. Effects of music therapy on self- and experienced stigma in patients on an acute care psychiatric unit: A randomized three group effectiveness study. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2013;27(5):223–230.ArticlePubMed

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Drumming-PD/HD: The impact of a pilot group drumming-based music therapy intervention on people living with Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease and their caregivers
  Lavinia Wainwright, Kyurim Kang, Gabriel Dayanim, Chris Bedell, Kerry Devlin, Diane Lanham, Gerson Suarez-Cedeno, Jason Armstrong Baker, Serap Bastepe-Gray, Jee Bang, Alexander Pantelyat
  Nordic Journal of Music Therapy.2025; 34(4): 303.     CrossRef
• Virtual Group Music Therapy for Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study
  Deepal Shah-Zamora, Sharlet Anderson, Brandon Barton, Jori E. Fleisher
  Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology.2024; 37(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Comparative effects of music therapy and aromatherapy on stress, quality of life, and happiness among shift nurses in Korea: a randomized controlled trial
  So-heun Lee, Won-jong Kim, Eun-Hi Choi, Myung-Haeng Hur
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2024; 26(4): 337.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Depression on Quality of Life in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Mediating Effect of Family Function
  Eun Sook Bae, Hye Seung Kang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2022; 33(1): 105.     CrossRef