Figure 1

Percentages of recommended vs. non-recommended health behaviors.

Figure 2

Distribution of the composite scores of health behaviors.

Figure 3

Levels of health-related quality of life as measured by KIDSCREEN-52.

Table 1

Sociodemographic Characteristics among Vulnerable Children and their Parents (N=165)

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	N	n (%)	M±SD
Children's characteristics	Age (year)		165		9.8±1.26
	Girls		165	84 (50.9)
	Family type	Two parents family	165	107 (64.9)
		One parent family		56 (33.9)
		Grandparents family		2 (1.2)
	Perceived economic status	Very low	165	2 (1.2)
		Low		13 (7.9)
		Moderate		97 (58.8)
		High		45 (27.3)
		Very high		8 (4.8)
	Academic achievement	Very low	165	12 (7.3)
		Low		20 (12.1)
		Moderate		82 (49.7)
		High		41 (24.8)
		Very high		10 (6.1)
	Having many friends	Yes	165	132 (80.0)
		No		33 (20.0)
	Self-rated health	Poor	165	6 (3.6)
		Fair		12 (7.3)
		Good		88 (53.3)
		Very good		33 (20.0)
		Excellent		26 (15.8)
	Illness	Yes	152	42 (27.6)
		No		110 (72.4)
Parents' characteristics	Mothers' age (year)		140		41.3±5.46
	Mothers' education	Elementary school	140	7 (5.0)
		Middle school		12 (8.5)
		High school		89 (63.6)
		≥College		32 (22.9)
	Fathers' age (year)		144		43.7±5.86
	Fathers' education	Elementary school	146	3 (2.1)
		Middle school		19 (13.0)
		High school		91 (62.3)
		≥College		33 (22.6)
	Marital status	Married	148	85 (57.4)
		Separated		14 (9.5)
		Widowed		4 (2.7)
		Divorced		45 (30.4)
	Monthly household income (10,000 won)	≤100	152	35 (23.0)
		101~200		82 (53.9)
		201~300		21 (13.8)
		301~400		12 (7.9)
		401~500		2 (1.4)
		≥501		0 (0.0)
	Employed	Yes	151	112 (74.2)
		No		39 (25.8)
	Coverage of health insurance	Company health insurance	152	48 (31.6)
		Local health insurance		59 (38.8)
		Medical aid/none		45 (29.6)
	Religion	Yes	152	99 (65.1)
		No		53 (34.9)

Table 2

Associations between Health Behaviors and HRQOL among Vulnerable Children (N=165)

Variables	Eating behaviors				Activity behaviors		Composite scores of health behaviors†
	Fast food	Sweetened beverage	Fruits & vegetables	Breakfast	Sweated activity	Sedentary behavior
	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)	β (SE)
Total	-2.82 (1.31)*	-2.26 (1.57)	1.25 (1.30)	2.16 (1.35)	3.45 (2.13)	-4.35 (1.47)*	1.72 (0.49)*
Physical well-being	-0.48 (1.90)	-2.13 (2.25)	2.10 (1.86)	1.28 (1.93)	14.28 (2.80)*	-2.77 (2.16)	1.78 (0.71)*
Psychological well-being	-4.16 (2.07)*	-3.98 (2.47)	2.51 (2.05)	4.76 (2.12)*	4.14 (3.38)	-8.30 (2.29)*	3.16 (0.76)*
Moods & emotions	-2.19 (2.22)	-2.04 (2.63)	1.48 (2.18)	3.21 (2.25)	1.53 (3.59)	-0.61 (2.55)	1.29 (0.85)
Social support & peers	-2.03 (2.19)	0.17 (2.60)	2.70 (2.14)	2.83 (2.23)	5.17 (3.51)	-7.78 (2.41)*	2.31 (0.82)*
Parent relation & home life	-5.87 (1.91)*	-4.92 (2.31)*	4.85 (1.89)*	2.07 (1.99)	1.67 (3.20)	-6.56 (2.19)*	2.95 (0.70)*
Self-perception	-5.93 (1.77)*	-6.68 (2.10)*	0.67 (1.80)	-0.66 (1.83)	5.02 (2.94)	-2.45 (2.09)	1.88 (0.67)*
Autonomy	-3.17 (1.91)	-0.99 (2.28)	0.47 (1.89)	1.91 (1.92)	2.26 (3.10)	5.96 (2.11)*	1.48 (0.72)*
School environment	-4.68 (2.28)*	-3.00 (2.73)	0.75 (2.27)	5.54 (2.29)*	2.79 (3.73)	-6.50 (2.58)*	2.52 (0.85)*
Social acceptance (bullying)	-1.78 (2.09)	-0.35 (2.48)	-1.52 (2.05)	1.42 (2.12)	1.17 (3.38)	-0.49 (2.39)	0.41 (0.80)
Financial resources	2.09 (2.07)	1.29 (2.45)	-1.49 (2.03)	-0.79 (2.08)	-3.53 (3.34)	-2.06 (2.37)	-0.55 (0.78)

HRQOL=health-related quality of life; β=unstandardized coefficients; SE=standard error.

All HRQOL variables were adjusted for age, girls, perceived economic status, academic achievement, having many friends, mothers' education levels, monthly household income, parents' employed status, parents' coverage status of health insurance, and parent-reported children's illness.

^*p<.05; ^†Composite scores indicate the sum of recommended levels of six health behaviors[1617].

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Figure & Data

References

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