Figure 1

Change in depression before and after referring the interaction of economic status.

Table 1

The Contents of Positive Psychology Improvement Program for the Subjects

Week	Subject	Contents	Methods
			Exp. I	Exp. II
1st	Introduction	1. Introduce program goal and contents.	Group approach	Individual approach
		2. Talking about processing of the program, and a rule.
		3. Sign the contract of attending program.
2nd	Find the personal strengths	1. Talking about last week daily life.	Writing & speaking	Writing & talking
		2. Finding the personal strengths.
		3. Planning the one day schedule in which they use their strengths.
3rd	To thank for their family	1. Introduce the last week life using positive thinking.	Walking · Writing & speaking	Walking · Writing & talking
		2. Thinking about thankful things during walking.
		3. To write a thanks letter for family.
4th	Recall happy experiences 1	1. Remembering the sad experience, and expressing that feeling to positively.	Writing & speaking	Writing & speech
		2. To know the effects of the positive thinking to express good feeling.
5th	Recall happy experiences 2	1. See the photos or objects, and talking about good memory with that.	Writing & speaking	Writing & talking
		2. Writing that good feeling and happy experience.
6th	Recall happy experiences 3	1. Speaking about the happy time when they felt happiness with their family.	Writing & speaking	Writing & talking
		2. Writing their emotional change.
7th	To improve positive thinking	1. To think about the negative experiences of the past time.	Speaking & singing	Talking & singing
		2. Think back to past negative emotions into positive, & Sing together.
8th	To do friendly things for family	1. Establish plan to help family members.	Writing & speaking	Talking
		2. Writing their planning helping them.
		3. Learning about volunteering.
9th	Making bucket list	1. Thinking about 10 things to do that they want (Bucket List).	Speaking	Talking
		2. Speaking feel if they realize the bucket list.
10th	Final ceremony	1. Speaking about the personal feeling after finishing the program.	Certificate ceremony	Certificate ceremony
		2. To promise trying to keep the positive thinking and happy mind.
		3. Give a certificate.

Exp.=experimental group.

Table 2

Homogeneity of General Characteristics before Intervention (N=94)

Characteristics	Categories	Exp. I	Exp. II	Cont.	x2 or t	p
		n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD
Age (year)		75.8±6.01	74.5±4.84	75.3±7.20	0.56	.568
Literacy	Able	28 (87.5)	27 (84.4)	23 (76.7)	1.35	.508
	Unable	4 (12.5)	5 (15.6)	7 (23.3)
Living with family	Yes	10 (31.3)	12 (37.5)	15 (50.0)	2.35	.309
	No	22 (68.8)	20 (62.5)	15 (50.0)
Economic status	Not poor	10 (31.3)	14 (43.8)	19 (63.3)	6.50	.039
	Poor	22 (68.8)	18 (56.3)	11 (36.7)
Number of disease		3.0±1.60	2.8±1.51	2.0±0.83	5.31	.007
Disease	Hypertension	31 (96.9)	28 (87.5)	21 (70.0)
	Diabetes mellitus	15 (46.9)	14 (43.8)	6 (20.0)
	Arthritis	29 (90.6)	23 (71.9)	18 (60.0)
	CAD	3 (9.4)	2 (6.3)	6 (2.0)
	Others	11 (34.4)	12 (37.5)	8 (26.7)
Total		32 (100.0)	32 (100.0)	30 (100.0)

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; CAD=coronary artery disease.

Table 3

Homogeneity of Depression and Death Anxiety before Intervention (N=94)

Variables	Exp. I	Exp. II	Cont.	F	p
	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD
Depression	7.6±1.73	7.6±1.94	8.1±2.51	0.40	.670
Death anxiety	39.2±5.53	37.7±6.24	40.3±5.12	1.67	.193

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; CAD=coronary artery disease.

Table 4

Differences of Depression and Death Anxiety before and after Intervention

Variables	Categories	Before	After	Difference before and after			ANOVA F (p)	F (p) for PE†
		M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	95% CI	p
Depression	Exp. Ia	7.6±1.73	6.0±2.55	-1.6±0.25	-2.19~-1.18	<.001	5.94 (.004) a, b>c	7.50 (.001) a, b>c
	Exp. IIb	7.6±1.84	6.4±2.61	-1.2±0.27	-1.82~-0.74	<.001
	Cont.c	8.1±2.51	8.1±2.56	0.0±0.20	-0.38~0.44	.869
Death anxiety	Exp. Ia	39.2±5.53	37.5±3.59	-1.7±0.91	-3.51~0.20	.079	7.17 (.001) a, b<c	4.56 (.013) b<c
	Exp. IIb	37.7±6.24	37.0±5.37	-0.7±1.33	-3.41~2.03	.610
	Cont.c	40.3±5.12	41.4±5.63	1.1±6.62	-1.41~3.53	.385

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; ^†The absolute program effect among experimental group I, experimental group II, and control group with economic status (ANCOVA: The baseline value and the number of disease were used as covariables and economic status as fixed factors).

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Figure & Data

References

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