Figure 1

The design of this study.

Figure 2

Conceptual framework.

Table 1

Contents of Integrated Health Promotion Program

Week	Sessions	Physical (60 mins)	Psychosocial (60 mins)		Spiritual (60 mins)
		Topics/contents	Topics	Contents and activity	Topics	Contents and activity
1	1	Physical exercise/stretching → Aerobic exercising → Anaerobic exercising	Social relation	Understanding of program	Meaning and purpose of life	Couple prayer/
	2		Laughter			Seeking empirical values
	3		Art			Intercessory prayer/
						Meaning of Life
						Changing stance of life
2	4		Social relation	Training on ice-breaking		Purpose of life
	5		Laughter	Humor quiz		Seeking values of future
	6		Art	Painting for self introduction		Hugging/rebuilding meaning and goals of life
3	7		Social relation	Saying confirmation question	Strengthening love and relations	Couple prayer/ Who am I?
	8		Laughter	Smile, Greeting, Conversation Praise		My merits and demerits
	9		Art	Painting on first impression		Understanding another persons
4	10		Social relation	Training on social situational understanding (1)		Rating value of life
	11		Laughter	Laughter training		Outcast experience and confidence games
	12		Art	Painting with left hand		Love basket
5	13		Social relation	Training on social situational understanding (2)	Sharing forgiveness	Couple prayer/
	14		Laughter	Laughter of Snow White		Recognizing and expressing rage and
	15		Art	Clay arts		Intercessory prayer/
						Forgiveness
						Placing myself in other's place
6	16		Social relation	Seeking problems		Beyond halter of sentiment
	17		Laughter	Laughter make-up		Beyond halter of rage
	18		Art	Finger painting		From healing to spiritual
						maturation
7	19		Social relation	Solving problems (1)	Seeking hope	Couple prayer/
	20		Laughter	Applause mingled with		Positive thinking
	21			laughter		Intercessory prayer/
			Art	Orchid with Chinese ink		Hope image
						Writing diary of success
8	22		Social relation	Solving problems (2)		Postcard of hope
	23		Laughter	Self change		Enhancing hope
	24		Art	Painting harmony tree		Intercessory prayer/
						Hugging and accepting myself

Table 2

Homogeneity of General Characteristics and Dependent Variables

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	Exp. (n=17)	Cont. (n=20)	x2 or t	p
			n (%)/M±SD	n (%)/M±SD
General characteristics	Gender	Male	5 (29.4)	7 (35.0)	0.13	.717
		Female	12 (70.6)	13 (65.0)
	Age (year)	≤29	6 (35.3)	7 (35.0)	0.05	.997
		30~49	7 (41.2)	8 (40.0)
		≥50	4 (23.5)	5 (25.0)
	Marriage	Unmarried	13 (76.5)	13 (65.0)	3.28	.512
		Divorced	3 (17.6)	6 (30.0)
		Married	1 (5.9)	1 (5.0)
	Education	≤Middle school	3 (17.7)	3 (15.0)	2.96	.398
		High school	10 (58.8)	12 (60.0)
		College or University	4 (23.5)	5 (13.5)
	Length of care (year)	1~5	8 (48.1)	6 (30.0)	2.11	.673
		6~10	0 (0.0)	2 (10.0)
		≥10	9 (52.9)	12 (60.0)
	Medical diagnosis	Obsessive compulsive disorder	0 (0.0)	1 (5.0)	1.13	.738
		Schizophrenia	15 (88.2)	17 (85.0)
		Affective disorder	2 (11.8)	2 (10.0)
	Onset age of mental disease	≤19	5 (29.4)	4 (20.0)	3.25	.354
		20~29	8 (47.1)	10 (50.0)
		30~39	4 (23.5)	3 (15.0)
		≥40	0 (0.0)	3 (15.0)
	Religion	None	4 (23.5)	4 (20.0)	7.94	.147
		Christian	8 (47.1)	12 (60.0)
		Catholic	5 (29.4)	3 (15.0)
		etc.	0 (0.00)	1 (5.0)
Physical health		Body mass	26.3±4.68	25.3±4.50	0.69	.495
		Triglyceride	148.4±79.24	126.6±69.18	0.89	.377
		HDL-cholestrol	36.6±0.24	41.2±2.73	-1.20	.239
		BMI (body mass index)	33.3±8.33	32.5±9.04	0.26	.799
		Abdominal fat ratio	0.9±0.03	0.9±0.05	-0.68	.502
Psycho-social health		Mental symptoms	53.4±6.62	52.1±8.83	0.52	.608
		Depression	15.7±6.98	15.4±6.01	0.14	.890
		Self-esteem	27.8±4.92	27.2±4.80	0.42	.677
		Ability of problem solving	102.0±10.05	103.4±9.93	-0.41	.684
Spiritual health		Spiritual well-being	51.2±7.95	50.2±9.49	0.37	.712

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; BMI=body mass index.

Table 3

Differences in Dependent Variables between Experimental and Control Groups

Variables	Categories	Group	Exp. (n=17)	Cont. (n=20)	Difference	paired-t	p	Source	F	p
			M±SD	M±SD	M±SD
Physical health	Body mass	Exp.	26.3±4.68	25.9±4.74	0.4±0.44	2.18	.036†	Group	0.13	.718
		Cont.	25.3±4.50	25.1±4.49	0.1±0.47			Time	6.28	.017
								G×T	1.81	.188
	Triglyceride	Exp.	148.4±79.24	134.8±69.45	13.6±46.24	2.46	.019†	Group	0.01	.928
		Cont.	126.6±69.18	152.9±81.05	-26.3±51.51			Time	0.90	.349
								G×T	8.87	.005
	HDL-cholesterol	Exp.	36.6±10.24	35.6±10.64	1.0±6.75	-0.74	.462	Group	1.58	.217
		Cont.	41.2±12.73	38.9±9.33	2.3±4.19			Time	9.53	.004
								G×T	1.51	.227
	BMI	Exp.	33.3±8.33	33.7±7.37	-0.4±1.75	-0.70	.487	Group	0.36	.555
		Cont.	32.5±9.04	32.7±8.79	-0.1±0.86			Time	6.33	.017
								G×T	2.77	.105
	Abdominal fat ratio	Exp.	0.9±0.03	0.9±0.04	0.0±0.02	-0.70	.487	Group	0.16	.289
		Cont.	0.9±0.05	0.9±0.05	0.0±0.01			Time	3.73	.062
								G×T	3.73	.062
Psycho-social health	Mental symptoms	Exp.	53.4±6.62	49.7±5.38	3.7±3.10	2.45	.020†	Group	0.22	.642
		Cont.	52.1±8.83	50.1±9.04	2.0±1.32			Time	6.37	.016
								G×T	3.07	.089
	Depression	Exp.	15.7±6.98	14.1±7.16	1.5±1.23	5.41	<.001†	Group	0.23	.637
		Cont.	15.4±6.01	16.5±7.01	-1.2±1.73			Time	0.16	.691
								G×T	8.00	.008
	Self esteem	Exp.	27.8±4.92	28.3±4.59	-0.5±0.77	-2.12	.041†	Group	0.44	.510
		Cont.	27.2±4.80	27.0±4.87	0.2±1.10			Time	0.09	.773
								G×T	0.52	.475
	Ability of problem solving	Exp.	102.0±10.05	104.9±9.46	-2.9±2.11	-3.38	.002†	Group	0.00	.959
		Cont.	103.4±9.93	103.9±9.37	-0.5±2.14			Time	3.59	.069
								G×T	1.75	.194
Spiritual health	Spiritual wellbeing	Exp.	51.2±7.95	55.6±8.44	-4.4±3.77	-3.41	.002†	Group	1.49	.230
		Cont.	50.2±9.49	50.0±10.84	0.2±4.20			Time	2.10	.149
								G×T	2.50	.123

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; BMI=body mass index; ^†ANCOVA with pretest value as covariate; ^‡Multivariate tests.

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Figure & Data

References

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