Table 1Contents of Laughter Therapy Program
Stage |
Contents |
Duration (min) |
Introduction Open mind |
Self introduction, |
10 |
Friendship |
Various greeting methods |
Stretch of laughter muscle |
Main stage |
Part 1: Laughter, what is laughter therapy? |
40 |
|
Effects of laughter |
Part 2: Stretch of laughter face muscle |
Part 3: Applause with laughter |
Part 4: Stimulate excercise of salivary gland |
|
Strengthening exercise (gingiva, tongue, cheek) |
|
Execute gingiva message |
|
Execute tongue exercise |
|
Execute cheek stretching |
Finish stage |
Deep respiration |
10 |
Warm-up (neck exercise, shoulder exercise) |
To say feeling |
Table 2The General Characteristics and Oral related Health (N=41)
Characteristics |
Categories |
n (%) or M±SD |
Age (year) |
|
82.12±5.17 |
65~69 |
1 (2.4) |
70~79 |
13 (31.7) |
80~89 |
23 (56.1) |
≥90 |
4 (9.8) |
Household type |
Alone |
18 (43.9) |
Married children living |
23 (56.1) |
Smoking |
Yes |
1 (2.4) |
No |
40 (97.6) |
Drinking |
Yes |
6 (14.6) |
No |
35 (85.4) |
Chronic illness |
Yes |
34 (82.9) |
No |
7 (17.1) |
Current drug medication |
Yes |
34 (82.9) |
No |
7 (17.1) |
Water drinking (cups/day) |
≤2 |
2.44±0.89 |
3~4 |
6 (14.6) |
5~6 |
16 (39.0) |
≥7 |
14 (34.1) |
|
5 (12.2) |
Stress |
A lot of |
19 (46.4) |
Less |
22 (53.6) |
Exercise |
Yes |
15 (36.6) |
No |
26 (63.4) |
Digestion status |
Not changed |
37 (90.2) |
Hard to digest |
4 (9.8) |
Self-rated oral health (tooth and gum) |
Good |
16 (39.0) |
Bad |
25 (61.0) |
Denture |
Present |
25 (61.0) |
Absence |
16 (39.0) |
Natural teeth |
|
2.41±1.22 |
Nothing |
12 (29.3) |
<10 |
13 (31.7) |
10~19 |
3 (7.3) |
≥20 |
13 (31.7) |
Table 3Subjective Xerostomia according to Oral related Health Characteristics by Laughter Therapy (N=41)
Variables |
Categories |
Xerostomia |
t or F |
p
|
Pretest |
Posttest |
Difference |
M±SD |
M±SD |
M±SD |
Self-rated oral health (tooth and gum) |
Good |
23.43±11.51 |
18.75±9.50 |
-4.68±12.83 |
1.50 |
.140 |
Bad |
32.84±11.74 |
22.60±14.34 |
-10.24±10.62 |
Denture |
Present |
30.64±12.68 |
26.87±12.01 |
-8.60±12.80 |
-0.35 |
.724 |
Absence |
26.87±12.01 |
19.62±11.16 |
-7.25±10.08 |
Natural teeth |
Nothing |
29.41±9.85 |
24.75±13.28 |
-4.66±11.99 |
1.95 |
.138 |
<10 |
31.92±11.48 |
18.00±7.51 |
-13.92±12.08 |
10~19 |
28.33±19.50 |
27.33±19.42 |
-1.00±3.60 |
≥20 |
26.38±14.56 |
19.38±14.82 |
-7.00±10.68 |
Table 4Salivary pH according to Oral related Health Characteristics by Laughter Therapy (N=41)
Variables |
Categories |
Salivary pH |
t or F |
p
|
Pretest |
Posttest |
Difference |
M±SD |
M±SD |
M±SD |
Self-rated oral health (tooth and gum) |
Good |
6.44±0.81 |
7.13±0.50 |
0.68±0.70 |
-2.06 |
<.05 |
Bad |
6.12±0.83 |
7.32±0.47 |
1.20±0.81 |
Denture |
Present |
6.12±0.83 |
7.20±0.50 |
1.08±0.86 |
0.79 |
.434 |
Absence |
6.44±0.81 |
7.31±0.47 |
0.87±0.71 |
Natural teeth |
Nothing |
6.17±0.83 |
7.25±0.45 |
1.08±0.79 |
0.27 |
.842 |
<10 |
6.23±0.83 |
7.15±0.55 |
0.92±0.95 |
10~19 |
6.00±1.00 |
7.33±0.57 |
1.33±0.57 |
≥20 |
6.38±0.87 |
7.31±0.48 |
0.92±0.75 |
Table 5Xerostomia, Salivary pH by Laughter Therapy (N=41)
Variables |
Pretest |
Posttest |
t |
p
|
M±SD |
M±SD |
Xerostomia |
29.17±12.41 |
21.09±12.07 |
4.41 |
<.001 |
Salivary pH |
6.24±0.83 |
7.24±0.48 |
-7.94 |
<.001 |