Activities of Daily Living, Depression, and Self-rated Health and Related Factors in Korean Elderly: Focused on Socioeconomic Status and Family Support

Seieun Oh; Young Ko

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.2.140

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Original Article
Activities of Daily Living, Depression, and Self-rated Health and Related Factors in Korean Elderly: Focused on Socioeconomic Status and Family Support: Seieun Oh, Young Ko; Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2015;26(2):140-149.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.2.140
Published online: June 30, 2015

¹Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.

²School of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.

• Received: April 20, 2015 • Revised: June 13, 2015 • Accepted: June 23, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract

Abstract

Purpose
This study was conducted to identify activities of daily living, depression and self-rated health and related factors for Korean Elderly.
Methods
Data from the survey for the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging in 2010 were used. The data were analyzed using frequencies, weighted proportions, and hierarchical multiple logistic regression.
Results
Significant difference was observed in health status induced by socioeconomic status between men and women, but not among age groups. Socioeconomic status was strongly associated with self-rated health among male and female elders. Being unschooled and low net family asset were significantly related with dependency in activities of daily living and depressive symptoms among men. Only low net family asset was significantly related with depressive symptoms among women. Family support provides a slight decrease to the negative relationship between socioeconomic status and health status, especially depressive symptoms.
Conclusion
This study suggests that interventions to reduce health inequalities should target elderly with lower socioeconomic status and with poor family support, using a gender-specific approach.
Key Words: Aged; Socioeconomic status; Health status disparities; Sex; Family

Table 1

Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Subjects

Variables	Categories	Men	Women	Total
Variables	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Age (year)	65~74	1,281 (61.3)	1,490 (52.1)	2,771 (56.0)
	75~84	673 (32.2)	1,018 (35.6)	1,691 (34.2)
	≥85	136 (6.5)	350 (12.2)	486 (9.8)
Education	No education	203 (9.7)	967 (33.8)	1,170 (23.7)
	≤Elementary school	578 (27.7)	1,159 (40.6)	1,737 (35.1)
	Middle school or high school	1,014 (48.5)	660 (23.1)	1,674 (33.8)
	≥College	295 (14.1)	71 (2.5)	366 (7.4)
Family net assets (10,000 won)	<3,500	349 (16.7)	715 (25.0)	1,064 (21.5)
	3,500~9,999	424 (20.3)	660 (23.1)	1,084 (21.9)
	10,000~19,999	635 (30.4)	755 (26.4)	1,390 (28.1)
	≥20,000	682 (32.6)	727 (25.4)	1,409 (28.5)
Family support	Living with supported family	1,151 (55.1)	1,413 (49.5)	2,564 (51.8)
	Living with unsupported family	817 (39.1)	837 (29.3)	1,654 (33.4)
	Living alone	122 (5.8)	607 (21.2)	729 (14.7)
Number of diagnosed disease		1.0±1.02	1.4±1.12	1.2±1.09
Total		2,090 (100.0)	2,857 (100.0)	4,947 (100.0)

%: weighted.

Table 2

Gender-stratified Prevalence of Having Difficulty in ADLs, Depressive Symptoms and Self-rated Health as 'poor' among Elderly (N=4,947)

Variables	Having difficulty in ADLs		Depressive symptoms		Self-rated health as 'poor'
	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Total	107 (5.1)	186 (6.5)^*	144 (6.9)	255 (8.9)^*	634 (30.3)	1,317 (46.1)^**
Age (year)
65~74	32 (2.5)	39 (2.6)	74 (5.8)	131 (8.8)^**	298 (23.3)	567 (38.1)^**
75~84	53 (7.9)	60 (5.9)	52 (7.7)	97 (9.5)	268 (39.8)	531 (52.2)^**
≥85	22 (16.2)	87 (24.9)^*	18 (13.3)	27 (7.7)	68 (50.0)	219 (62.6)^**
Education
No education	21 (10.4)	111 (11.5)	23 (11.3)	98 (10.1)	97 (47.8)	549 (56.7)^*
≤Elementary school	33 (5.7)	56 (4.8)	54 (9.3)	110 (9.5)	207 (35.8)	549 (47.4)^**
Middle or high school	46 (4.5)	18 (2.7)	55 (5.4)	45 (6.8)	275 (27.1)	206 (31.2)
≥College	7 (2.4)	1 (1.4)	13 (4.4)	3 (4.2)	56 (19.0)	13 (18.6)
Family net assets (10,000 won)
<3,500	25 (7.2)	63 (8.8)	37 (10.6)	93 (13.0)	149 (42.7)	450 (62.9)^**
3,500~9,999	25 (5.9)	41 (6.2)	30 (7.1)	56 (8.5)	144 (34.0)	308 (46.7)^**
10,000~19,999	43 (6.8)	46 (6.1)	45 (7.1)	60 (7.9)	196 (30.9)	310 (41.1)^**
≥20,000	14 (2.1)	36 (5.0)^**	32 (4.7)	46 (6.3)	145 (21.3)	248 (34.1)^**
Family support
Living with supported family	38 (3.3)	80 (5.7)^**	53 (4.6)	86 (6.1)	300 (26.0)	560 (39.6)^**
Living with unsupported family	62 (7.6)	68 (8.1)	70 (8.6)	100 (11.9)^**	294 (36.0)	438 (52.3)^**
Living alone	7 (5.8)	37 (6.1)	21 (17.4)	69 (11.4)	40 (33.1)	318 (52.4)^**

%: weighted; ADLs=activities of daily living; ^*p<.05, ^**p<.01 for different between men and women.

Table 3

Age Groups-stratified Prevalence of Having Difficulty in ADLs, Depressive Symptoms and Self-rated Health as 'poor' among Elderly (N=4,947)

Variables	Having difficulty in ADLs			Depressive symptoms			Self-rated Health as 'poor'
	65~74	75~84	≥85	65~74	75~84	≥85	65~74	75~84	≥85
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Total	70 (2.5)	113 (6.7)	109 (22.5)	205 (7.4)	150 (8.9)	46 (9.4)	865 (31.2)	799 (47.3)	288 (59.1)
Education
No education	20 (5.9)	34 (6.4)	79 (26.5)	48 (14.2)	50 (9.4)	22 (7.4)	163 (48.1)	294 (55.2)	189 (63.2)
≤Elementary school	22 (2.3)	45 (7.1)	21 (16.2)	85 (8.7)	63 (10.0)	16 (12.3)	377 (38.7)	311 (49.1)	68 (52.3)
Middle or high school	28 (2.3)	29 (7.0)	6 (14.6)	64 (5.3)	31 (7.5)	5 (12.2)	294 (24.2)	165 (39.7)	22 (53.7)
≥College	0 (0.0)	5 (4.6)	3 (18.8)	8 (3.3)	5 (4.6)	3 (18.8)	31 (12.9)	31 (28.2)	8 (50.0)
Family net assets (10,000 won)
<3,500	22 (4.5)	31 (7.2)	35 (23.3)	67 (13.8)	44 (10.3)	20 (13.3)	240 (49.3)	261 (61.0)	99 (66.0)
3,500~9,999	12 (2.2)	28 (6.5)	26 (24.3)	36 (6.6)	42 (9.7)	8 (7.5)	169 (31.0)	210 (48.7)	73 (68.2)
10,000~19,999	30 (3.5)	36 (8.4)	23 (20.4)	66 (7.8)	27 (6.3)	13 (11.5)	256 (30.2)	188 (43.7)	63 (55.8)
≥20,000	7 (0.8)^**	18 (4.5)	25 (21.6)	36 (4.0)^**	37 (9.2)	5 (4.3)	200 (22.5)^**	140 (34.8)^**	53 (45.3)^**
Family support
Living with SF	24 (1.6)	15 (4.3)	21 (18.3)	82 (5.3)	45 (5.7)	12 (5.0)	395 (25.7)	334 (42.3)	130 (54.4)
Living with UF	38 (3.9)	50 (9.0)	42 (32.1)	92 (9.5)	63 (11.4)	15 (11.5)	372 (38.4)	280 (50.5)	81 (61.4)
Living alone	8 (3.0)^**	48 (6.1)^*	46 (19.2)^**	31 (11.7)^**	41 (11.8)^**	19 (16.4)^**	98 (36.8)^**	185 (53.3)^**	76 (65.5)

%: weighted; ADLs=activities of daily living; SF=supported family; UF=unsupported family; ^*p<.05, ^**p<.01 for different among age group.

Table 4

Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% confidence intervals) of Having difficulty in ADLs, Depressive Symptoms and Self-rated Health as 'poor' among Men (N=2,090)

Variables	Having difficulty in ADLs			Depressive symptoms			Self-rated Health as 'poor'
	Model I	Model II	%	Model I	Model II	%	Model I	Model II	%
	Adj. OR (95% CI)	Adj. OR (95% CI)	%	Adj. OR (95% CI)	Adj. OR (95% CI)	%	Adj. OR (95% CI)	Adj. OR (95% CI)	%
Education
≥College	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
Middle or high school	1.85 (0.80~4.29)	1.86 (0.80~4.35)		1.12 (0.60~2.09)	1.13 (0.60~2.12)		1.60 (1.12~2.29)^*	1.60 (1.11~2.29)^*	0.0
≤Elementary school	1.83 (0.77~4.37)	1.82 (0.76~4.36)		1.85 (0.98~3.51)	1.85 (0.97~3.52)		2.17 (1.49~3.17)^**	2.12 (1.45~3.11)^**	4.3
No education	2.97 (1.18~7.51)^*	2.68 (1.05~6.84)^*	14.7	2.10 (1.00~4.38)^*	2.00 (0.95~4.21)	9.1	3.28 (2.09~5.16)^**	3.13 (1.99~4.94)^**	0.0
Family net assets (10,000 won)
≥20,000	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
10,000~19,999	3.20 (1.68~6.11)^**	3.16 (1.65~6.05)^**	1.8	1.39 (0.86~2.24)	1.30 (0.80~2.10)		1.57 (1.19~2.08)^**	1.58 (1.19~2.10)^**	-1.8
3,500~9,999	2.26 (1.11~4.58)^*	2.25 (1.10~4.59)^*	-1.6	1.23 (0.72~2.09)	1.42 (0.66~1.96)		1.55 (1.14~2.11)^**	1.57 (1.15~2.14)^**	-3.6
<3,500	2.72 (1.34~5.53)^**	2.49 (1.21~5.12)^*	13.4	1.96 (1.18~3.28)^*	1.57 (0.92~2.67)	40.6	2.43 (1.77~3.34)^**	2.42 (1.75~3.34)^**	0.7
Family support
Living with supported family		1.00			1.00			1.00
Living with unsupported family		2.29 (1.47~3.57)^**			1.83 (1.25~2.66)^**			1.53 (1.23~1.90)^**
Living alone		1.29 (0.55~3.04)			3.68 (2.09~6.51)^**			0.93 (0.59~1.47)

ADLs=activities of daily living; ; Adj. ORs=adjusted odds ratios; Model I: Adjusted for age, educational level, family net assets, and number of diagnosed disease; Model II: Adjusted for age, educational level, family net assets, number of diagnosed disease and family support; %: Changes in adj. ORs were calculated by [ (adj. OR before controls - adj. OR after controls)/ (adj. OR before controls -1)×100] after adjusting the family support.; ^*p<.05, ^**p<.01.

Table 5

Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% confidence intervals) of Having difficulty in ADLs, Depressive Symptoms and Self-rated Health as 'poor' among Women (N=2,857)

Variables	Having difficulty in ADLs			Depressive symptoms			Self-rated Health as 'poor'
Variables	Model I Adj. OR (95% CI)	Model II Adj. OR (95% CI)	%	Model I Adj. OR (95% CI)	Model II Adj. OR (95% CI)	%	Model I Adj. OR (95% CI)	Model II Adj. OR (95% CI)	%
Education
≥College	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
Middle or high school	1.92 (0.19~18.98)	1.75 (0.20~17.38)		1.47 (0.41~5.31)	1.45 (0.40~5.25)		1.38 (0.72~2.68)	1.35 (0.70~2.62)
≤Elementary school	2.34 (0.24~22.59)	2.13 (0.22~20.52)		1.89 (0.53~6.75)	1.79 (0.50~6.40)		2.18 (1.36~4.19)^*	2.08 (1.09~4.00)^*	8.5
No education	3.63 (0.37~35.10)	3.23 (0.33~31.27)		2.10 (0.58~7.58)	1.94 (0.54~7.04)		2.71 (1.39~5.26)^**	2.59 (1.33~5.02)^**	7.0
Family net assets (10,000 won)
≥20,000	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
10,000~19,999	1.29 (0.80~2.07)	1.34 (0.83~2.17)		1.22 (0.81~1.83)	1.24 (0.82~1.87)		1.33 (1.06~1.68)^**	1.36 (1.08~1.72)^*	-9.1
3,500~9,999	1.05 (0.64~1.73)	1.14 (0.69~1.88)		1.20 (0.79~1.83)	1.19 (0.78~1.81)		1.43 (1.12~1.81)^**	1.44 (1.13~1.84)^*	-2.3
<3,500	1.29 (0.81~2.04)	1.52 (0.94~2.46)		1.86 (1.26~2.74)^**	1.71 (1.15~2.55)^**	17.4	2.58 (2.03~3.27)^**	2.63 (2.06~3.36)^**	-3.2
Family support		1.00			1.00			1.00
Living with supported family		1.45 (1.01~2.08)^*			1.83 (1.34~2.49)^**			1.43 (1.19~1.73)^**
Living with unsupported family		0.64 (0.41~1.01)			1.60 (1.12~2.28)^**			1.01 (0.81~1.26)
Living alone

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Activities of Daily Living, Depression, and Self-rated Health and Related Factors in Korean Elderly: Focused on Socioeconomic Status and Family Support

Variables	Categories	Men	Women	Total
Variables	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Age (year)	65~74	1,281 (61.3)	1,490 (52.1)	2,771 (56.0)
	75~84	673 (32.2)	1,018 (35.6)	1,691 (34.2)
	≥85	136 (6.5)	350 (12.2)	486 (9.8)
Education	No education	203 (9.7)	967 (33.8)	1,170 (23.7)
	≤Elementary school	578 (27.7)	1,159 (40.6)	1,737 (35.1)
	Middle school or high school	1,014 (48.5)	660 (23.1)	1,674 (33.8)
	≥College	295 (14.1)	71 (2.5)	366 (7.4)
Family net assets (10,000 won)	<3,500	349 (16.7)	715 (25.0)	1,064 (21.5)
	3,500~9,999	424 (20.3)	660 (23.1)	1,084 (21.9)
	10,000~19,999	635 (30.4)	755 (26.4)	1,390 (28.1)
	≥20,000	682 (32.6)	727 (25.4)	1,409 (28.5)
Family support	Living with supported family	1,151 (55.1)	1,413 (49.5)	2,564 (51.8)
	Living with unsupported family	817 (39.1)	837 (29.3)	1,654 (33.4)
	Living alone	122 (5.8)	607 (21.2)	729 (14.7)
Number of diagnosed disease		1.0±1.02	1.4±1.12	1.2±1.09
Total		2,090 (100.0)	2,857 (100.0)	4,947 (100.0)

Variables	Having difficulty in ADLs		Depressive symptoms		Self-rated health as 'poor'
	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Total	107 (5.1)	186 (6.5)^*	144 (6.9)	255 (8.9)^*	634 (30.3)	1,317 (46.1)^**
Age (year)
65~74	32 (2.5)	39 (2.6)	74 (5.8)	131 (8.8)^**	298 (23.3)	567 (38.1)^**
75~84	53 (7.9)	60 (5.9)	52 (7.7)	97 (9.5)	268 (39.8)	531 (52.2)^**
≥85	22 (16.2)	87 (24.9)^*	18 (13.3)	27 (7.7)	68 (50.0)	219 (62.6)^**
Education
No education	21 (10.4)	111 (11.5)	23 (11.3)	98 (10.1)	97 (47.8)	549 (56.7)^*
≤Elementary school	33 (5.7)	56 (4.8)	54 (9.3)	110 (9.5)	207 (35.8)	549 (47.4)^**
Middle or high school	46 (4.5)	18 (2.7)	55 (5.4)	45 (6.8)	275 (27.1)	206 (31.2)
≥College	7 (2.4)	1 (1.4)	13 (4.4)	3 (4.2)	56 (19.0)	13 (18.6)
Family net assets (10,000 won)
<3,500	25 (7.2)	63 (8.8)	37 (10.6)	93 (13.0)	149 (42.7)	450 (62.9)^**
3,500~9,999	25 (5.9)	41 (6.2)	30 (7.1)	56 (8.5)	144 (34.0)	308 (46.7)^**
10,000~19,999	43 (6.8)	46 (6.1)	45 (7.1)	60 (7.9)	196 (30.9)	310 (41.1)^**
≥20,000	14 (2.1)	36 (5.0)^**	32 (4.7)	46 (6.3)	145 (21.3)	248 (34.1)^**
Family support
Living with supported family	38 (3.3)	80 (5.7)^**	53 (4.6)	86 (6.1)	300 (26.0)	560 (39.6)^**
Living with unsupported family	62 (7.6)	68 (8.1)	70 (8.6)	100 (11.9)^**	294 (36.0)	438 (52.3)^**
Living alone	7 (5.8)	37 (6.1)	21 (17.4)	69 (11.4)	40 (33.1)	318 (52.4)^**

Variables	Having difficulty in ADLs			Depressive symptoms			Self-rated Health as 'poor'
	65~74	75~84	≥85	65~74	75~84	≥85	65~74	75~84	≥85
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Total	70 (2.5)	113 (6.7)	109 (22.5)	205 (7.4)	150 (8.9)	46 (9.4)	865 (31.2)	799 (47.3)	288 (59.1)
Education
No education	20 (5.9)	34 (6.4)	79 (26.5)	48 (14.2)	50 (9.4)	22 (7.4)	163 (48.1)	294 (55.2)	189 (63.2)
≤Elementary school	22 (2.3)	45 (7.1)	21 (16.2)	85 (8.7)	63 (10.0)	16 (12.3)	377 (38.7)	311 (49.1)	68 (52.3)
Middle or high school	28 (2.3)	29 (7.0)	6 (14.6)	64 (5.3)	31 (7.5)	5 (12.2)	294 (24.2)	165 (39.7)	22 (53.7)
≥College	0 (0.0)	5 (4.6)	3 (18.8)	8 (3.3)	5 (4.6)	3 (18.8)	31 (12.9)	31 (28.2)	8 (50.0)
Family net assets (10,000 won)
<3,500	22 (4.5)	31 (7.2)	35 (23.3)	67 (13.8)	44 (10.3)	20 (13.3)	240 (49.3)	261 (61.0)	99 (66.0)
3,500~9,999	12 (2.2)	28 (6.5)	26 (24.3)	36 (6.6)	42 (9.7)	8 (7.5)	169 (31.0)	210 (48.7)	73 (68.2)
10,000~19,999	30 (3.5)	36 (8.4)	23 (20.4)	66 (7.8)	27 (6.3)	13 (11.5)	256 (30.2)	188 (43.7)	63 (55.8)
≥20,000	7 (0.8)^**	18 (4.5)	25 (21.6)	36 (4.0)^**	37 (9.2)	5 (4.3)	200 (22.5)^**	140 (34.8)^**	53 (45.3)^**
Family support
Living with SF	24 (1.6)	15 (4.3)	21 (18.3)	82 (5.3)	45 (5.7)	12 (5.0)	395 (25.7)	334 (42.3)	130 (54.4)
Living with UF	38 (3.9)	50 (9.0)	42 (32.1)	92 (9.5)	63 (11.4)	15 (11.5)	372 (38.4)	280 (50.5)	81 (61.4)
Living alone	8 (3.0)^**	48 (6.1)^*	46 (19.2)^**	31 (11.7)^**	41 (11.8)^**	19 (16.4)^**	98 (36.8)^**	185 (53.3)^**	76 (65.5)

Variables	Having difficulty in ADLs			Depressive symptoms			Self-rated Health as 'poor'
	Model I	Model II	%	Model I	Model II	%	Model I	Model II	%
	Adj. OR (95% CI)	Adj. OR (95% CI)	%	Adj. OR (95% CI)	Adj. OR (95% CI)	%	Adj. OR (95% CI)	Adj. OR (95% CI)	%
Education
≥College	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
Middle or high school	1.85 (0.80~4.29)	1.86 (0.80~4.35)		1.12 (0.60~2.09)	1.13 (0.60~2.12)		1.60 (1.12~2.29)^*	1.60 (1.11~2.29)^*	0.0
≤Elementary school	1.83 (0.77~4.37)	1.82 (0.76~4.36)		1.85 (0.98~3.51)	1.85 (0.97~3.52)		2.17 (1.49~3.17)^**	2.12 (1.45~3.11)^**	4.3
No education	2.97 (1.18~7.51)^*	2.68 (1.05~6.84)^*	14.7	2.10 (1.00~4.38)^*	2.00 (0.95~4.21)	9.1	3.28 (2.09~5.16)^**	3.13 (1.99~4.94)^**	0.0
Family net assets (10,000 won)
≥20,000	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
10,000~19,999	3.20 (1.68~6.11)^**	3.16 (1.65~6.05)^**	1.8	1.39 (0.86~2.24)	1.30 (0.80~2.10)		1.57 (1.19~2.08)^**	1.58 (1.19~2.10)^**	-1.8
3,500~9,999	2.26 (1.11~4.58)^*	2.25 (1.10~4.59)^*	-1.6	1.23 (0.72~2.09)	1.42 (0.66~1.96)		1.55 (1.14~2.11)^**	1.57 (1.15~2.14)^**	-3.6
<3,500	2.72 (1.34~5.53)^**	2.49 (1.21~5.12)^*	13.4	1.96 (1.18~3.28)^*	1.57 (0.92~2.67)	40.6	2.43 (1.77~3.34)^**	2.42 (1.75~3.34)^**	0.7
Family support
Living with supported family		1.00			1.00			1.00
Living with unsupported family		2.29 (1.47~3.57)^**			1.83 (1.25~2.66)^**			1.53 (1.23~1.90)^**
Living alone		1.29 (0.55~3.04)			3.68 (2.09~6.51)^**			0.93 (0.59~1.47)

Variables	Having difficulty in ADLs			Depressive symptoms			Self-rated Health as 'poor'
Variables	Model I Adj. OR (95% CI)	Model II Adj. OR (95% CI)	%	Model I Adj. OR (95% CI)	Model II Adj. OR (95% CI)	%	Model I Adj. OR (95% CI)	Model II Adj. OR (95% CI)	%
Education
≥College	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
Middle or high school	1.92 (0.19~18.98)	1.75 (0.20~17.38)		1.47 (0.41~5.31)	1.45 (0.40~5.25)		1.38 (0.72~2.68)	1.35 (0.70~2.62)
≤Elementary school	2.34 (0.24~22.59)	2.13 (0.22~20.52)		1.89 (0.53~6.75)	1.79 (0.50~6.40)		2.18 (1.36~4.19)^*	2.08 (1.09~4.00)^*	8.5
No education	3.63 (0.37~35.10)	3.23 (0.33~31.27)		2.10 (0.58~7.58)	1.94 (0.54~7.04)		2.71 (1.39~5.26)^**	2.59 (1.33~5.02)^**	7.0
Family net assets (10,000 won)
≥20,000	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00
10,000~19,999	1.29 (0.80~2.07)	1.34 (0.83~2.17)		1.22 (0.81~1.83)	1.24 (0.82~1.87)		1.33 (1.06~1.68)^**	1.36 (1.08~1.72)^*	-9.1
3,500~9,999	1.05 (0.64~1.73)	1.14 (0.69~1.88)		1.20 (0.79~1.83)	1.19 (0.78~1.81)		1.43 (1.12~1.81)^**	1.44 (1.13~1.84)^*	-2.3
<3,500	1.29 (0.81~2.04)	1.52 (0.94~2.46)		1.86 (1.26~2.74)^**	1.71 (1.15~2.55)^**	17.4	2.58 (2.03~3.27)^**	2.63 (2.06~3.36)^**	-3.2
Family support		1.00			1.00			1.00
Living with supported family		1.45 (1.01~2.08)^*			1.83 (1.34~2.49)^**			1.43 (1.19~1.73)^**
Living with unsupported family		0.64 (0.41~1.01)			1.60 (1.12~2.28)^**			1.01 (0.81~1.26)
Living alone

Table 1 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Subjects

%: weighted.

Table 2 Gender-stratified Prevalence of Having Difficulty in ADLs, Depressive Symptoms and Self-rated Health as 'poor' among Elderly (N=4,947)

%: weighted; ADLs=activities of daily living; ^*p<.05, ^**p<.01 for different between men and women.

Table 3 Age Groups-stratified Prevalence of Having Difficulty in ADLs, Depressive Symptoms and Self-rated Health as 'poor' among Elderly (N=4,947)

%: weighted; ADLs=activities of daily living; SF=supported family; UF=unsupported family; ^*p<.05, ^**p<.01 for different among age group.

Table 4 Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% confidence intervals) of Having difficulty in ADLs, Depressive Symptoms and Self-rated Health as 'poor' among Men (N=2,090)

Table 5 Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% confidence intervals) of Having difficulty in ADLs, Depressive Symptoms and Self-rated Health as 'poor' among Women (N=2,857)